Comparing Dali, Miro and Munch essays

Looking at Dali, Miro and Munch papers The works of art highlighted in this task are for the most part comparable in light of the fact that they all offer a knowledge into the specialists mind and what there considering feeling. They accomplish this utilizing various procedures, however the most eminent part of the three of the works of art inspected in this task is they all make a scene that isn't actually conceptual, that is the watcher of the artwork can undoubtedly perceive most items in center. In any case, the scene painted has been distorted into an unnatural, dream-like state. The three works of art that will be checked on in this task are; The Carnival of Harlequin, The Persistence of Memory and The Scream. The Scream was painted in 1893 by Edvard Munch. It was made utilizing Tempera and pastel ready and is 91 x 73.5 cm. The composition is Edvard Munch's most popular work. This artwork is an impression of an episode that happened to Munch as he was strolling with companions in Oslo, a passage from his journal on the 22 January 1892. It peruses, I was strolling along the street with two companions. I halted, and inclined toward the railing, ghastly drained - watching out over the flaring mists that hung like blood and a blade over the blue-dark fjord and town. My companions strolled on - I remained there, trembling with dread. What's more, I detected an extraordinary, limitless shout go through nature. This artistic creation is not quite the same as different works of art audited in this task since its primary reason is by all accounts to frontal area a feeling as opposed to an idea or a thought. The Persistence of Memory, painted by Salvador Dali in 1931is an artwork that closer views the craftsmen hypothesis about existence. The delicate watches that are the point of convergence of the work of art represent Dalis musings about the malleability of existence. Dali even felt that this work foreshadowed the discov ... <!

Macroeconomic Situation Essay

The monetary circumstance in the United States today could be considered as one of the most profound emergency the humankind has seen in such a significant number of years. The GDP development pace of the nation has diminished and at last got in the negative figures. The GDP development rate in the year 2009 was - 2. 4%, the swelling pace of the country got around at 2. 2%. After the credit emergency and the subprime emergency, the general economy was hampered with periods of fast joblessness and bailouts for greatest money related division organizations. The general trust in the administration part was diminished to a significant level. The joblessness rate in April 2010 was evaluated around at 9.9%. Because of constant abatement in the development pace of economy, the degree of open obligation additionally expanded and came to $12. 28 trillion (January 2010) which is 84% of GDP. (â€Å"National Economic Accountsâ€nd†) But after the profound downturn time frame, the economy is at last giving a few indications of alleviation and recuperation now. In spite of the fact that the normal development rates are as yet negative, still the total development rates are relied upon to be better in the coming budgetary year. Given the measure of the monetary unscrambling the country had seen in winter 2008-2009, the recuperation design is still exceptionally frail, in particular in industrious money related troubles. The US congress and Federal Reserve have made various strides so as to guarantee that the current budgetary condition could be settled and dynamic endeavors could be made towards recuperation and development. The most phenomenal of those were creating a Primary Dealer Credit Facility and helping the obtaining of Bear Stearns by J. P. Morgan Chase. The Federal Reserve alongside the Congress has kept on utilizing the ordinary macroeconomic devices so as to battle the present circumstance. (â€Å"The Current Economic Situationâ€nd†) The bailouts and government mediation into an in any case free market indicate such advances started by them. Assessing the means taken by Federal Reserve, the transient rates have fallen yet the measure of hazard in the interbank credit showcase has not changed a lot over the time. References: The Current Economic Situation: Retrieved on fifth June 2010 from site: http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/90xx/doc9078/Chapter2. 4. 1. shtml National Economic Accounts: Retrieved on fifth June 2010 from site: http://www. bea. gov/national/list. htm

Go With the Flo Books I Read Once a Month

Go With the Flo Books I Read Once a Month Once a month I am held hostage by my hormones. Everything gets on my nerves, I am in a bad mood all the time and I can cry over the smallest things. It sucks and I really hate it, but thats the reality of having a uterus and a menstrual cycle. Of course, like any reader and Rioter, I seek out books to comfort me in this difficult time of the month. Thing is, I become really picky and irritable when I am in this type of mood so I can only read specific kinds of books. Theyre usually easy, light reads or specifically about the hardships of having a uterus and living in a world controlled by the patriarchy. I oscillate between wanting to bask in nice feelings and feeding the angry monster inside me. What to read when I am in this contradictory mood? Below I listed four books that match those exact needs, but I would love to know what others read during this time of the month. Let me know in the comments! Cunt: A Declaration of Independence by Inga Muscio I guess this is a predictable choice given the subject matter, but this book helped me  a lot. If I am being completely sincere, I will admit that this isnt my favorite feminist book but it helped me understand why the female genitalia (and its functions and actions) is hidden from the public eye. Honestly, bits of it grossed me out and some of it was way too hippie for me, but that was the point: smashing taboos the patriarchy has taught us to abide by. I recommend this book if you are trying to love your period and whatever comes with it. BITCHfest: Ten Years of Cultural Criticism from the Pages of Bitch Magazine edited by Lisa Jervis and Andi Zeisler BITCH is one of my favorite magazines to read while I am feeling poorly or in a bad mood. It is described as a  feminist response to pop culture and its my go-to source of feminist critique. This book is a compilation of essays previously published by the magazine and its great for transferring bad energy into things you should be angry about like rape culture and misogyny in Hollywood. Beauty Queens by Libba Bray Most of Libba Brays books are appropriate for your PMS days: theyre quick and easy reads. This particular  book will make you celebrate girlhood in all its glory. When a group  of teenage beauty contestants gets stranded on an island, an awesome society is built with cooperation, cleverness and (trans-inclusive) feminism. Its a pretty light read, but great for an afternoon where you want to read about badass, self-sufficient girls. Landline by Rainbow Rowell This is such an easy read that it will definitely not annoy you, if youre in a picky mood (I know I am always picky when I have PMS). Its a story of re-falling in love, light time-travel and a lot of cheesiness. I love it, and it really comforts me when I am feeling down. Give it a go! How about you? What do you read when you have PMS?

The Media Has Become The World’S Main Source Of Information

The media has become the world’s main source of information that construct the value and definition of people in society. It also, facilitates our understanding of our culture. The media is the motherboard of social information shapes our understanding of race and ethnicity as part of our identity, our history, our social institutions, and our everyday lives. The media educates society on who does what as well as creating certain roles for ethno- racial groups. The roles of the groups are defined through the program itself and the moreover the advertisement, this works hand in hand to shape the ethnic identity of different races and creeds in society. However, the more effective of the two components to shape identity is the advertisement.†¦show more content†¦This concept provided an interesting view point of the media in relation to racial issues which in term cause one’s respective group to examine the themes and results that derived from mass media configur ing the user specifically in advertisements. Breakdown of Research The topic of configuring the user came for the initial research of decoding the minority presence in ads. The way it was executed to pick four different programming channels that are very different in term of the genre they fall under. The objective of looking into these programming channels was to see what type advertisements does that channel run during primetime (8-10pm). Our group decided to examine the following channels: Spike, W Network and CTV. The reasoning behind these choices was to play into the channels that are gender motivate with an equilibrium. Spike is marketed as a channel for men, all the programming is catered to men. W Network is literally the counterpart of Spike TV because the programming all catered to women. CTV played the role of the equilibrium because it was watch during the Super Bowl which is also the biggest day of the year when it comes to ads on television no matter what the product is. As our group coded all these ads that occurred during the time w e watched the programs we began to see that the advertising structure of television was bigger than gender according to the was we initiallyShow MoreRelatedThe Study Of Terrorism By Richard Jackson, Lee Jarvis, Jereon Gunning, And Marie Breen Smyth988 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of terrorism is a growing field, primarily due to the world’s interest in the subject matter. 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Discuss the arguments for and against a critically charged and politically involved Public Sociology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2331 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? It may be argued that sociology is of activist origins, propelled by a desire to comprehend, diagnose and ultimately administer solutions to societal ailments. However, with the advent of scientific discourse, especially the rise of so-called hard sciences, the discipline has been absorbed into the pedagogic realm of social-science which seeks to emulate its empirical cousin and take residence within the ivory tower of academia, virtuous in its efforts to seek objectivism, value-freedom and political abstinence. The purpose of this essay is to explore the proposition that sociology should reclaim its identity, expanding its imagination (Mills 1959) as a politically engaged agent tasked with improving society through a critical dialogue with various institutions and actors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss the arguments for and against a critically charged and politically involved Public Sociology" essay for you Create order This essay will consider the contention offered by some of sociologys founding fathers, particularly Marx and Engels (1848) and Durkheim (1972), that sociology should be at the vanguard of social engagement and change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a citadel of moral and intellectual purity, a philosopher king (Plato 1993: 109). By extension, this essay will include a critique of the academic milieu in which sociology resides, addressing the dispute that it has become colonised and thus compromised by wider market and political forces and thus incapable of functioning as an independent agent of knowledge and change. The proposition of a Public Sociology is not a recent phenomenon. In fact, the founding progenitors envisaged a discipline actively engaged with the political milieu and public lifeworld. Indeed, Durkheim (1972), conceiving of a social world underpinned by tangible laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" reiterating Comtes (1988: 33) science of society predicted that sociologists would become ai des-de-camp to the state, revered intellects who would influence policy and legislature. By contrast, Marx and Engels (1848) were interested in the dissemination of knowledge to the grass-roots or proletariat to reawaken their collective consciousness and engender a rebellious will-to-power (Nietzsche 2014) against the prevailing capitalist system. Importantly, despite its definition, sociology was less interested in the comprehension of social life per se: rather it was obsessed with the noxious configurations that comprised society, mournful of the crippling and incarcerating effects these had on humanitys potential and species-being (Marx and Engels 1991). This remains a dominating theme within sociology today: the field of critical theory has almost reached a level of theoretical saturation (Bryman 2004:544) inasmuch as abuses against civilisation on grounds of (for example) gender, class, race and creed have been researched and articulated repeatedly in pedagogic discourse, si mply restructured in linguistic hyperbole to pass as authentic. By contrast, Weber (1989) was concerned with maintaining abstinence from the political arena, endorsing scientific mastery and the conduct of research for its own virtue i.e. as a vocation (78); sociology held no greater esteem over the value-laden judgements of social-political discourse and must thereforelimit public discussion to the classrooms. The debate regarding sociologys public face was again revitalised by Mills (1959) who, acknowledging a gross depreciation in the social lifeworld, offered a critical assessment of his field, which had abandoned its public calling, instead becoming captivated by the power and prestige (including resources) offered by academia. The discipline had succumbed to institutionalisation, a servant of the university and its preoccupation with quantifiable (profitable) results, professionalism and its self-image as a reputable organisation. By extension, as a business, academia pande red to powerful organisations (purse holders) like the state and private shareholders; exploration was only authorised and noteworthy if it aligned with the demands and/or values of a minority who possess the architectural means of production (Zsolnai and Gasparski 2002). Also, Parker and Jary (1995) allude to the notion that sociology is subject to the McUniversity, whereby the fixation of budgets, time restraints and production of (quantifiable) articles, books and graduates has a detrimental effect on the vibrancy and eclecticism of its sociological imagination (Mills 1959), thereby crippling any possibility for politicking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" scientific absence is the prevailing episteme or ideology (Gouldner 1971). Thus, sociology is not only accused of abandonment but also of participating in a form of symbolic violence inasmuch as it retains potentially empowering or life-giving knowledge, which it retrieves from an ailing world, to secure its own somewhat tentative (albeit pr ofitable) status as a soft ad-hoc science. As Luck (2007) ably posits, this negative label cast on the back of sociology is based on not so much its actions but failing to act (140). In addition, Gouldner (1971) had contended that, awkwardly aware of it betrayal and desperately seeking to generate a credible facade, sociology provides lip-service or commiseration and an imitated gesture of desire for social change. Yet some have argued that sociology has required time to solidify itself and create a scholarly community based not only on substantive research but also camaraderie, interdependency and trust (Adair-Toteff 1995) from which a new breed of intellect could arise, unfettered by self-interest, and rather concerned with improving society and seeking to reinvigorate and enhance its intellectual flare through public engagement. As Marx and Engels (1848: 3) asserted: philosophers have interpreted the world [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the point however is to change it!. Therefore, sociol ogy should be less concerned with holding onto the tailcoats of so-called hard sciences, and focus on harnessing its own methodology to irradiate, disseminate and help transform the social milieu à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to become a participatory agent in the (re)creation of society. Indeed, the political life of Boudieu (1993) is often regarded as a prime example of the kinds of dirty work sociologists should be engaged in; having witnessed the venomous social disparities of a failing and unjust French society, he took to the streets in numerous political protests. This constitutes a form of academic bricolage (Hebdige 1988) whereby normative procedures and forms of professionalism prolific within the pedagogic milieu designed to confine scholars to specific predefined scripts of conduct are broken or otherwise inverted. His actions as a scholarly activist serve as a template for todays sociologists; a reminded of their role involves dirty work or aligning themselves with ordinary peop le in a bid to better understand social angsts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" thereby enhancing epistemologies and methodologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and subsequently improve society. As a result, Bourdieu (1993) suggested that, only through public engagement could sociology develop an augmented, rich and powerful knowledge-base, otherwise it would simply be masquerading as a social-scientific field. Thus, Chomsky and Otero (2004) denote that we must fashion a more reflexive sociology (third-order understanding) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to analyse and remodify the pedagogic habitus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" capable of comprehending often subtle and taken-for-granted interconnections, like the asymmetrical interplay of power, capital and playing fields within academia, that affect and hinder the discipline. Sociology must be aware of its own metaphorical blind spot its arrogances and handicaps à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and critically engage in reciprocated policing within its various subfields and other interdepe ndent social-sciences. As Bourdieu (1988) advocated, being self-critical will facilitate a comfortability in ones own skin and ultimately strengthen the fields core. Indeed, as Murji (2007) argues, sociology remains a host to external asymmetries such that a white middle-class male continues to demarcate the archetypal modern-day sociologist. In a similar vein, as Ossewaarde (2007) alludes, sociological productions are overwhelmingly driven by and imbued with Westernised ideals, values and perspectives, specifically those fashioned in the United States: this is obviously indicative of wider societal inequalities that belittle or otherwise disadvantage other countries not befitting first-world status. Also, as Parenti (1995) suggests, the types of research revered most are typically those aligned with empiricism (e.g. statistics, quantification, reports) and policy-centred. As a result, somewhat idealistically, Burawoy (2005) advocates an academic revolution within sociology to gener ate a more equitable playing field. Despite the criticism inferred on sociology, concerning its diminished public identity and seeing it as a hotbed of malignance, many have come to its defence. For example, Hossfeld and Nyden (2005) have contended that an ASA Task Force has been created to reclaim sociological presence within the political, offering incentives and promotional positions to eligible scholars interested in disseminating the sociological imagination to wider audiences. Also, Kalleberg (2005) recognises the existing efforts made to produce jargon-free literature and broadcasts that pertain to parochial as well as (inter)national issues. Similarly, as Skeggs and Deem (2003) note, especially following the cultural turn, face-to-face and in-depth engagements with the public, including those disadvantaged groups such as women, the working-class and ethnic minorities, have intensified with the rise of qualitative methodologies. Hence, there remains active engagement and p articipation by sociologists with extra-academic cohorts, alluding to the fact that sociology can synthesise professionalism with public involvement; a by-product of this is the emancipatory and empowering effects such engagements can generate. However, proclaiming that sociologists should uproot and become heretical scholars is a monumental ask; one that threatens their very ontological wellbeing i.e. their reputation, financial security, friendships and way of life could be jeopardised in the process of transgression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one might even envisage a social death for those daring to try (Shilling 2003). By extension, such an act would invariably compromise the already fragile reputation of sociology; opening its doors to the public would risk its credibility and entice the stigmatised label (Goffman 1990) of just another fanatical ism to be discarded alongside the other failed idealistic enterprises, such as Marxism and Feminism (Brady 2004). In addition, given the f act that sociology is inhabited by a diverse and deeply opinionated cohort of intellects who occupy a range of paradigms, it is unlikely that (in the near future anyway) such individuals will collectively march in unison under the banner of a Public Sociology. Yet it might be plausible for sociology to formulate a democratically charged governing body that could represent the standpoints of a majority force; elected representatives may perhaps serve as champions charged with proliferating ideas and findings and leaving society to decide what, if anything, should be done with them. That said, Nielson (2004) makes the important point that there is a massive incongruence between the ideal and somewhat advanced heuristic devices and ideas generated within the pedagogic milieu and the realities of the social lifeworld; the latter remains a comparatively primitive figuration of ideologies and values incapable or unready to assimilate the ideas of the former. The mind is a cursed thing, it permits us to envisage infinitely wonderful (utopian) worlds where societal processes operate as a beautiful symphony unchecked by toxic social phenomena, histories, idiosyncrasies and other variants that make reality a constant work-in-progress of ebbs and flows, of civility and barbarism, of progress and regression (Parenti 1995). As a result, in true Weberian tradition, Nielson (2004) contends that sociology has no superior right of way (33) in public-political affairs. Instead, we should concern ourselves with aiding the present or aligning ourselves with the spirit of the times (zeitgeist). In the end, the question of sociologys public identity continues to be a hotly debated concept, its actual realisation requires a level of faith and risk and remains (in large) something to behold. This essay has sought to detail the various arguments for and against a politically engaged Public Sociology a controversy that has reigned since the subjects inception and one that continues in a somewhat recurring pattern throughout its development. Indeed, as sociology becomes increasingly self-reflexive and more substantiated in its understanding of social processes, the urge for argumentation regarding its identity and role within society becomes greater. As this essay shows, there is certainly a moral imperative or compulsion within sociology to irradiate asymmetrical discourses that cripple humanitys potential and subsequently assist in emancipating ourselves from them; this urge is expected given that we are sentient and empathic beings. However, this essay has also acknowledged the possible detriment that may befall sociology in such a venture. Moreover, we have explored the various external forces that contribute to the overall condition of the sociological paradigm; the discipline is imprinted with numerous inequalities and is persuaded greatly by market and political demands to the disadvantage of forming a Public Sociology. Finally, the issue of individual differences, whilst not extensively explored, will remain a long-lasting dilemma as we attempt to reconcile our differences, and harness our collective research and experiences to develop a legitimate and democratically-orientated discipline suitably equipped, confident and competent in participating within wider society. Bibliography Adair-Toteff, C. 1995. Ferdinand Tonnies: Utopian Visionary. Sociological Theory. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-65. Bourdieu, P. 1993. The field of cultural reproduction. Polity: Cambridge. Bourdieu, P. 1988. Homo Academicus. Polity: Cambridge. Brady, D. 2004. Why public sociology may fail. Social Forces. Vol. 82, No.4 pp. 1629-1638. Bryman, A. 2004. Social Research Methods. 2ND Edition. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Burawoy, M. 2005. The return of the repressed: recovering the public face of U.S. Sociology, One hundred years on. ANNALS. Vol 600, No. 1, pp. 68-85. Chomsky, N. Otero, C. 2004. Language and Politics. AK Press: London. Comte, A. 1988. Introduction to Positive Philosophy. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Durkheim, E. 1972. Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, ed and trans. Giddens, A. Cambridge University Press. Goffman, I. 1990. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Penguin Press Gouldner, A. 1971. The coming crisis of Western Soc iology. Heinemann: London. Hebdige, D. 1988. Subculture: the meaning of style. London: Routledge. Hossfeld,L. Nyden, P. 2005. Public Sociology: Research, Action, and Change. Sage Publications: London. Kalleberg, R. 2005. What is Public Sociology? Why and how should it be made stronger? The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 387-393. Luck, P. 2007. Sociology as a practice in humanity: Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, and Social Responsibility. Critical Sociology. Vol. 33, No. 5-6, pp. 937-956. Marx. K. Engels, F. 1991. The German Ideology. Lawrence and Wishart: London. Marx. K. Engels, F. 1848. The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books: London Mills, C. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press: New York. Murji, K. 2007. Sociological Engagements: Institutional Racism and Beyond. Sociology. Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 843-855. Nielson, F. 2004. The vacant we: remarks on public sociology. Social Forces. Vol. 82, No.4, pp. 1619-1628. Nietzsc he, F. 2014. Beyond good and evil. Penguin Press. Ossewaarde, M. 2007. Sociology Back to the Publics. Sociology. Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 799-812. Parenti, M. 1995. Against Empire. San Francisco: City Lights. Parker, M. Jary, D. 1995. The McUniversity: Organisation, management and academic subjectivity. Organisation. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 118-319. Plato. 1993. Republic. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Shilling, C. 2003. The body and social theory. 2nd edition. Sage Publications: London. Skeggs, B. Deem, R. 2003. Feminist research methods. Sage Publications: London. Weber, M. 1989. Science as a Vocation. Unwin Hyman: London. Zsolnai, L. Gasparski, W. 2002. Ethics and the future of capitalism, praxeology: The international annual of practical philosophy and methodology. Transaction Publishers: London.

Of Mice and Men Film/Book Comparison Free Essays

The lack of interaction between the Weak’ ones of the ranch in the film version of Of Mice and Men results in the obscuring of the theme of handicaps that is present throughout the novel. In the film, the scene begins with Leonie approaching Crooks as the rest of the men are in the nearby town. They discuss Lien’s desire to tend rabbits and later on, Leonie makes it clear his intention for George and he to be together till the end. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Film/Book Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now George comes in, escorts Leonie out of the room where they encounter Curlers wife as she complains of her unhappy marriage and runs away. The book varies in the way that Curlers wife and Candy are both in the room as they all talk. As Candy, Leonie, and Crooks discuss the promise of a brighter future, Curlers wife is quick to crush their dreams with the reality of each of their situations. After she humiliates them, they are defeated and their harsh circumstances sink in. It is important to notice in the novel that each character has their own handicap, whether it is age, gender, race, mental capability, or physical capability; although they show strength even with their weak descriptions, the purpose of the theme is to convey the low tolerance their society has of handicaps. For example, Crooks, even being a bitter man, latches onto their dream of the little house for the promise of companionship, but because of his race and the prejudice during the time period, Curlers wife makes sure he knows that he will never be accepted. Although the handicaps are physically portrayed In the film, they are not reinforced well enough because there isn’t as big of a power difference between Leonie and Crooks as there is between them and Curlers wife. Curlers wife may be handicapped as her loneliness makes her desperate, but she has the ability to take away any hope they eave. Also, in the novel, Curlers wife mentions that the men left the three Weak’ ones at home. This comment serves to further describe the time period as there Is never enough protection for the weak from the strong. The theme of handicaps Is essential to the comprehension of the novel as It grasps the concept of Inequality; without the theme’s distinction, there Is no closure, positive or negative, that Is needed for the reader to comprehend the negative Impact the fictional world has on a group of people that are not as strong as society requires them to be. How to cite Of Mice and Men Film/Book Comparison, Papers

The Pursuit of Happyness Portraying Father/Son Attachment Essay Example For Students

The Pursuit of Happyness Portraying Father/Son Attachment Essay â€Å"Do you trust me? † That is the multi-dimensional question that Chris Gardner asks his son, Christopher, throughout the movie The Pursuit of Happyness. It is a question that is used as a tool for reinforcement, as a pacifying effect, and as a probe for attachment theorists to examine the depth of the father/son relationship. In response to our assignment to identify the type of attachment between Chris and his son, our group identified patterns that matched well with multiple theories. Our text identifies Erik Erikson, John Bowlby, and Mary Ainsworth as very influential persons in defining attachment (Santrock p 366). In correlation to the movie, Erikson’s theory of eight stages of development can be applied with an emphasis on the initiative vs. guilt phase. John Bowlby is credited for origination works on the Attachment Theory. The fourth phase of his conceptualization of attachment can certainly be related to the movie. Our group also tagged the work of Mary Ainsworth and her Strange Situation measurement device. We concluded that Christopher fit the description of a securely attached baby very well. According to Erik Erikson’s view of a child’s development, physical comfort and sensitive care are vital to establishing a basic trust in infants. In turn, this sense of trust is the foundation for attachment and sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to be (Santrock p 366). This trust coupled with Christopher’s age act as a buffer against all of the harsh realities that Chris must cope with. Christopher’s age places him in Erikson’s initiative versus guilt stage. During this stage, children are expected to take initiative in creating play situations that can help cope with challenges (Harder 2002). An excellent example of Christopher in this stage is when the two of them were in the subway station the first night after getting kicked out of the motel. Chris tells his son that the scanner really is a time machine and pretends that they are transported back in time. Christopher uses his imagination and play skills to pretend that they are really hiding from dinosaurs in a cave rather than sleeping in a public restroom in the subway. Christopher also shows initiative when, later in the movie, he suggests to his dad that they can sleep in the cave again if they have to. John Bowlby is credited with the origins of the Attachment Theory, taking an ethological perspective in which much of his work is still highly regarded. There are four phases of his Attachment theory. In the first phase the child is oriented toward all human stimuli, the second phase is differentiating between stimuli and the third phase is proximity seeking. In the fourth phase, the child adjusts to keep proximity with the caregiver in order to cope with his environment (Walters p 145). While Chris continues to ask his son this question in moments of adversity, he does so more as a reassurance to his son that things will be OK. He also uses the question as a calming mechanism for his son. One such example is when they were first admitted to the homeless shelter and Chris needed to work on the broken bone density scanner. As Christopher lay in the bunk bed, Chris inched his way out of the room to work on the scanner asking â€Å"Can you hear me? † which triggered an emotional response from his son. Chris responded by asking him â€Å"Do you trust me? , which calmed Christopher down. Strange Situation is used as a popular measurement device of infant attachment created by Mary Ainsworth. Ainsworth classified children in three different categories of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment (A fourth attachment category was later added by other researchers, (Van Wagner 2009). The closeness and bond between the two meet the characteristics of a securely attached relationship. Chris did not meet his father until late in life and did not have an attachment to his father like the attachment he made with his son. .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .postImageUrl , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:hover , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:visited , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:active { border:0!important; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:active , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Moscow On The Hudson EssayChris â€Å"made up (his) mind as a young kid that when (he) had children they were going to know who their father is and that he isnt going anywhere (Gardner, n. d. ). This was the basis in which the development of the secure attachment is formed. The strong relationship was a result of the quality time they spent together. Chris played basketball with his son before going to an appointment, had insightful conversations, taught him things like how to spell happiness or the meaning of possibly, and showed love and affection with hugs and caress. An individual characteristic of secure attachment is the child’s tendency to seek out their parents for comfort when they are scared (Van Wagner 2009). When Christopher was scared and did not know where they were going next, Chris comforted his son and made sure his son had something to eat and somewhere to sleep. Another characteristic of a secure attachment is that children do not experience significant distress when separated from caregivers (Van Wagner 2009). Though Christopher would spend long days in child care, the secure attachment was apparent like through the emotion of happiness when reunited after school. Temperament has a great effect on the relationship among poverty, stress, and attachment. A study done by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three basic types of temperament. In the analysis, it was found that one type of temperament, an ‘easy child’, is described as â€Å"generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences† (Santrock, 2008, p. 59). In the movie, Christopher certainly portrays an easy child. Through all the hardships the family encountered, Christopher remained optimistic. He understood that he and his father did not have much money. With the odds against them, the connection between Chris and Christopher proved that the quality of time together contributed to the success of their relationship. When they moved from their home to a motel, to a bathroom at the metro station, to a shelter, Christopher adapted with little complaints. Christopher’s easy temperament made situations less difficult. According to some research, children who spent many hours in center-based care and in poor-quality child care centers showed more stress and were linked to more problems such as anxiety and aggressive behavior (Santrock, 2008, p. 371-372). Christopher, however, was not affected. The daycare seemed to be a stable part of Christopher’s life, depicting a routine. What little stress we see from Christopher, like realizing that they have to move from the motel, does not show any effect on his relationship with his father. Again, it only proved the feat of their companionship. The Pursuit of Happyness is a wonderful portrayal of perseverance, love, and trust. Trust is the foundation of any relationship whether it is a husband-wife, girlfriend-boyfriend, BFF’s (best-friends-forever), or father-son. With the relationship of Chris and Christopher, we witnessed a secure relationship-attached in such a way that the father-son bond was unbreakable even in times of severe adversity. We analyzed a relationship where the answer to the question, â€Å"Do you trust me? † is a resounding â€Å"Yes! † Bibliography: Black, T., Blumenthal, J., Tisch, S., Lassiter, J., Smith, W. (Producers), Muccino, G. (Director). (2006). The Pursuit of Happyness . United States: Columbia Pictures. Gardner, C. (n.d.). Christopher Gardner. Retrieved February 24, 2009, from Website: http://www.chrisgardnermedia.com/main/biography.htm Harder, Arlene F. (2002) The Developmental Stages of Erickson Retrieved February 22, 2009 from http://www.learningplaceonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htm Santrock, J. W. (2008). A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Van Wagner, Linda (2009) Attachment Styles Retrieved February 22, 2009 from http://psychology.about.com/od/loveandattraction/ss/attachmentstyle.htm Walters, Glenn D. (2000) Beyond Behavior: Construction of an Overarching Psychological Theory of Lifestyles London: Greenwood Publishing