Comparing Dali, Miro and Munch essays

Looking at Dali, Miro and Munch papers The works of art highlighted in this task are for the most part comparable in light of the fact that they all offer a knowledge into the specialists mind and what there considering feeling. They accomplish this utilizing various procedures, however the most eminent part of the three of the works of art inspected in this task is they all make a scene that isn't actually conceptual, that is the watcher of the artwork can undoubtedly perceive most items in center. In any case, the scene painted has been distorted into an unnatural, dream-like state. The three works of art that will be checked on in this task are; The Carnival of Harlequin, The Persistence of Memory and The Scream. The Scream was painted in 1893 by Edvard Munch. It was made utilizing Tempera and pastel ready and is 91 x 73.5 cm. The composition is Edvard Munch's most popular work. This artwork is an impression of an episode that happened to Munch as he was strolling with companions in Oslo, a passage from his journal on the 22 January 1892. It peruses, I was strolling along the street with two companions. I halted, and inclined toward the railing, ghastly drained - watching out over the flaring mists that hung like blood and a blade over the blue-dark fjord and town. My companions strolled on - I remained there, trembling with dread. What's more, I detected an extraordinary, limitless shout go through nature. This artistic creation is not quite the same as different works of art audited in this task since its primary reason is by all accounts to frontal area a feeling as opposed to an idea or a thought. The Persistence of Memory, painted by Salvador Dali in 1931is an artwork that closer views the craftsmen hypothesis about existence. The delicate watches that are the point of convergence of the work of art represent Dalis musings about the malleability of existence. Dali even felt that this work foreshadowed the discov ... <!

Macroeconomic Situation Essay

The monetary circumstance in the United States today could be considered as one of the most profound emergency the humankind has seen in such a significant number of years. The GDP development pace of the nation has diminished and at last got in the negative figures. The GDP development rate in the year 2009 was - 2. 4%, the swelling pace of the country got around at 2. 2%. After the credit emergency and the subprime emergency, the general economy was hampered with periods of fast joblessness and bailouts for greatest money related division organizations. The general trust in the administration part was diminished to a significant level. The joblessness rate in April 2010 was evaluated around at 9.9%. Because of constant abatement in the development pace of economy, the degree of open obligation additionally expanded and came to $12. 28 trillion (January 2010) which is 84% of GDP. (â€Å"National Economic Accountsâ€nd†) But after the profound downturn time frame, the economy is at last giving a few indications of alleviation and recuperation now. In spite of the fact that the normal development rates are as yet negative, still the total development rates are relied upon to be better in the coming budgetary year. Given the measure of the monetary unscrambling the country had seen in winter 2008-2009, the recuperation design is still exceptionally frail, in particular in industrious money related troubles. The US congress and Federal Reserve have made various strides so as to guarantee that the current budgetary condition could be settled and dynamic endeavors could be made towards recuperation and development. The most phenomenal of those were creating a Primary Dealer Credit Facility and helping the obtaining of Bear Stearns by J. P. Morgan Chase. The Federal Reserve alongside the Congress has kept on utilizing the ordinary macroeconomic devices so as to battle the present circumstance. (â€Å"The Current Economic Situationâ€nd†) The bailouts and government mediation into an in any case free market indicate such advances started by them. Assessing the means taken by Federal Reserve, the transient rates have fallen yet the measure of hazard in the interbank credit showcase has not changed a lot over the time. References: The Current Economic Situation: Retrieved on fifth June 2010 from site: http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/90xx/doc9078/Chapter2. 4. 1. shtml National Economic Accounts: Retrieved on fifth June 2010 from site: http://www. bea. gov/national/list. htm

Go With the Flo Books I Read Once a Month

Go With the Flo Books I Read Once a Month Once a month I am held hostage by my hormones. Everything gets on my nerves, I am in a bad mood all the time and I can cry over the smallest things. It sucks and I really hate it, but thats the reality of having a uterus and a menstrual cycle. Of course, like any reader and Rioter, I seek out books to comfort me in this difficult time of the month. Thing is, I become really picky and irritable when I am in this type of mood so I can only read specific kinds of books. Theyre usually easy, light reads or specifically about the hardships of having a uterus and living in a world controlled by the patriarchy. I oscillate between wanting to bask in nice feelings and feeding the angry monster inside me. What to read when I am in this contradictory mood? Below I listed four books that match those exact needs, but I would love to know what others read during this time of the month. Let me know in the comments! Cunt: A Declaration of Independence by Inga Muscio I guess this is a predictable choice given the subject matter, but this book helped me  a lot. If I am being completely sincere, I will admit that this isnt my favorite feminist book but it helped me understand why the female genitalia (and its functions and actions) is hidden from the public eye. Honestly, bits of it grossed me out and some of it was way too hippie for me, but that was the point: smashing taboos the patriarchy has taught us to abide by. I recommend this book if you are trying to love your period and whatever comes with it. BITCHfest: Ten Years of Cultural Criticism from the Pages of Bitch Magazine edited by Lisa Jervis and Andi Zeisler BITCH is one of my favorite magazines to read while I am feeling poorly or in a bad mood. It is described as a  feminist response to pop culture and its my go-to source of feminist critique. This book is a compilation of essays previously published by the magazine and its great for transferring bad energy into things you should be angry about like rape culture and misogyny in Hollywood. Beauty Queens by Libba Bray Most of Libba Brays books are appropriate for your PMS days: theyre quick and easy reads. This particular  book will make you celebrate girlhood in all its glory. When a group  of teenage beauty contestants gets stranded on an island, an awesome society is built with cooperation, cleverness and (trans-inclusive) feminism. Its a pretty light read, but great for an afternoon where you want to read about badass, self-sufficient girls. Landline by Rainbow Rowell This is such an easy read that it will definitely not annoy you, if youre in a picky mood (I know I am always picky when I have PMS). Its a story of re-falling in love, light time-travel and a lot of cheesiness. I love it, and it really comforts me when I am feeling down. Give it a go! How about you? What do you read when you have PMS?

The Media Has Become The World’S Main Source Of Information

The media has become the world’s main source of information that construct the value and definition of people in society. It also, facilitates our understanding of our culture. The media is the motherboard of social information shapes our understanding of race and ethnicity as part of our identity, our history, our social institutions, and our everyday lives. The media educates society on who does what as well as creating certain roles for ethno- racial groups. The roles of the groups are defined through the program itself and the moreover the advertisement, this works hand in hand to shape the ethnic identity of different races and creeds in society. However, the more effective of the two components to shape identity is the advertisement.†¦show more content†¦This concept provided an interesting view point of the media in relation to racial issues which in term cause one’s respective group to examine the themes and results that derived from mass media configur ing the user specifically in advertisements. Breakdown of Research The topic of configuring the user came for the initial research of decoding the minority presence in ads. The way it was executed to pick four different programming channels that are very different in term of the genre they fall under. The objective of looking into these programming channels was to see what type advertisements does that channel run during primetime (8-10pm). Our group decided to examine the following channels: Spike, W Network and CTV. The reasoning behind these choices was to play into the channels that are gender motivate with an equilibrium. Spike is marketed as a channel for men, all the programming is catered to men. W Network is literally the counterpart of Spike TV because the programming all catered to women. CTV played the role of the equilibrium because it was watch during the Super Bowl which is also the biggest day of the year when it comes to ads on television no matter what the product is. As our group coded all these ads that occurred during the time w e watched the programs we began to see that the advertising structure of television was bigger than gender according to the was we initiallyShow MoreRelatedThe Study Of Terrorism By Richard Jackson, Lee Jarvis, Jereon Gunning, And Marie Breen Smyth988 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of terrorism is a growing field, primarily due to the world’s interest in the subject matter. 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Discuss the arguments for and against a critically charged and politically involved Public Sociology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2331 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? It may be argued that sociology is of activist origins, propelled by a desire to comprehend, diagnose and ultimately administer solutions to societal ailments. However, with the advent of scientific discourse, especially the rise of so-called hard sciences, the discipline has been absorbed into the pedagogic realm of social-science which seeks to emulate its empirical cousin and take residence within the ivory tower of academia, virtuous in its efforts to seek objectivism, value-freedom and political abstinence. The purpose of this essay is to explore the proposition that sociology should reclaim its identity, expanding its imagination (Mills 1959) as a politically engaged agent tasked with improving society through a critical dialogue with various institutions and actors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss the arguments for and against a critically charged and politically involved Public Sociology" essay for you Create order This essay will consider the contention offered by some of sociologys founding fathers, particularly Marx and Engels (1848) and Durkheim (1972), that sociology should be at the vanguard of social engagement and change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a citadel of moral and intellectual purity, a philosopher king (Plato 1993: 109). By extension, this essay will include a critique of the academic milieu in which sociology resides, addressing the dispute that it has become colonised and thus compromised by wider market and political forces and thus incapable of functioning as an independent agent of knowledge and change. The proposition of a Public Sociology is not a recent phenomenon. In fact, the founding progenitors envisaged a discipline actively engaged with the political milieu and public lifeworld. Indeed, Durkheim (1972), conceiving of a social world underpinned by tangible laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" reiterating Comtes (1988: 33) science of society predicted that sociologists would become ai des-de-camp to the state, revered intellects who would influence policy and legislature. By contrast, Marx and Engels (1848) were interested in the dissemination of knowledge to the grass-roots or proletariat to reawaken their collective consciousness and engender a rebellious will-to-power (Nietzsche 2014) against the prevailing capitalist system. Importantly, despite its definition, sociology was less interested in the comprehension of social life per se: rather it was obsessed with the noxious configurations that comprised society, mournful of the crippling and incarcerating effects these had on humanitys potential and species-being (Marx and Engels 1991). This remains a dominating theme within sociology today: the field of critical theory has almost reached a level of theoretical saturation (Bryman 2004:544) inasmuch as abuses against civilisation on grounds of (for example) gender, class, race and creed have been researched and articulated repeatedly in pedagogic discourse, si mply restructured in linguistic hyperbole to pass as authentic. By contrast, Weber (1989) was concerned with maintaining abstinence from the political arena, endorsing scientific mastery and the conduct of research for its own virtue i.e. as a vocation (78); sociology held no greater esteem over the value-laden judgements of social-political discourse and must thereforelimit public discussion to the classrooms. The debate regarding sociologys public face was again revitalised by Mills (1959) who, acknowledging a gross depreciation in the social lifeworld, offered a critical assessment of his field, which had abandoned its public calling, instead becoming captivated by the power and prestige (including resources) offered by academia. The discipline had succumbed to institutionalisation, a servant of the university and its preoccupation with quantifiable (profitable) results, professionalism and its self-image as a reputable organisation. By extension, as a business, academia pande red to powerful organisations (purse holders) like the state and private shareholders; exploration was only authorised and noteworthy if it aligned with the demands and/or values of a minority who possess the architectural means of production (Zsolnai and Gasparski 2002). Also, Parker and Jary (1995) allude to the notion that sociology is subject to the McUniversity, whereby the fixation of budgets, time restraints and production of (quantifiable) articles, books and graduates has a detrimental effect on the vibrancy and eclecticism of its sociological imagination (Mills 1959), thereby crippling any possibility for politicking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" scientific absence is the prevailing episteme or ideology (Gouldner 1971). Thus, sociology is not only accused of abandonment but also of participating in a form of symbolic violence inasmuch as it retains potentially empowering or life-giving knowledge, which it retrieves from an ailing world, to secure its own somewhat tentative (albeit pr ofitable) status as a soft ad-hoc science. As Luck (2007) ably posits, this negative label cast on the back of sociology is based on not so much its actions but failing to act (140). In addition, Gouldner (1971) had contended that, awkwardly aware of it betrayal and desperately seeking to generate a credible facade, sociology provides lip-service or commiseration and an imitated gesture of desire for social change. Yet some have argued that sociology has required time to solidify itself and create a scholarly community based not only on substantive research but also camaraderie, interdependency and trust (Adair-Toteff 1995) from which a new breed of intellect could arise, unfettered by self-interest, and rather concerned with improving society and seeking to reinvigorate and enhance its intellectual flare through public engagement. As Marx and Engels (1848: 3) asserted: philosophers have interpreted the world [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the point however is to change it!. Therefore, sociol ogy should be less concerned with holding onto the tailcoats of so-called hard sciences, and focus on harnessing its own methodology to irradiate, disseminate and help transform the social milieu à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to become a participatory agent in the (re)creation of society. Indeed, the political life of Boudieu (1993) is often regarded as a prime example of the kinds of dirty work sociologists should be engaged in; having witnessed the venomous social disparities of a failing and unjust French society, he took to the streets in numerous political protests. This constitutes a form of academic bricolage (Hebdige 1988) whereby normative procedures and forms of professionalism prolific within the pedagogic milieu designed to confine scholars to specific predefined scripts of conduct are broken or otherwise inverted. His actions as a scholarly activist serve as a template for todays sociologists; a reminded of their role involves dirty work or aligning themselves with ordinary peop le in a bid to better understand social angsts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" thereby enhancing epistemologies and methodologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and subsequently improve society. As a result, Bourdieu (1993) suggested that, only through public engagement could sociology develop an augmented, rich and powerful knowledge-base, otherwise it would simply be masquerading as a social-scientific field. Thus, Chomsky and Otero (2004) denote that we must fashion a more reflexive sociology (third-order understanding) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to analyse and remodify the pedagogic habitus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" capable of comprehending often subtle and taken-for-granted interconnections, like the asymmetrical interplay of power, capital and playing fields within academia, that affect and hinder the discipline. Sociology must be aware of its own metaphorical blind spot its arrogances and handicaps à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and critically engage in reciprocated policing within its various subfields and other interdepe ndent social-sciences. As Bourdieu (1988) advocated, being self-critical will facilitate a comfortability in ones own skin and ultimately strengthen the fields core. Indeed, as Murji (2007) argues, sociology remains a host to external asymmetries such that a white middle-class male continues to demarcate the archetypal modern-day sociologist. In a similar vein, as Ossewaarde (2007) alludes, sociological productions are overwhelmingly driven by and imbued with Westernised ideals, values and perspectives, specifically those fashioned in the United States: this is obviously indicative of wider societal inequalities that belittle or otherwise disadvantage other countries not befitting first-world status. Also, as Parenti (1995) suggests, the types of research revered most are typically those aligned with empiricism (e.g. statistics, quantification, reports) and policy-centred. As a result, somewhat idealistically, Burawoy (2005) advocates an academic revolution within sociology to gener ate a more equitable playing field. Despite the criticism inferred on sociology, concerning its diminished public identity and seeing it as a hotbed of malignance, many have come to its defence. For example, Hossfeld and Nyden (2005) have contended that an ASA Task Force has been created to reclaim sociological presence within the political, offering incentives and promotional positions to eligible scholars interested in disseminating the sociological imagination to wider audiences. Also, Kalleberg (2005) recognises the existing efforts made to produce jargon-free literature and broadcasts that pertain to parochial as well as (inter)national issues. Similarly, as Skeggs and Deem (2003) note, especially following the cultural turn, face-to-face and in-depth engagements with the public, including those disadvantaged groups such as women, the working-class and ethnic minorities, have intensified with the rise of qualitative methodologies. Hence, there remains active engagement and p articipation by sociologists with extra-academic cohorts, alluding to the fact that sociology can synthesise professionalism with public involvement; a by-product of this is the emancipatory and empowering effects such engagements can generate. However, proclaiming that sociologists should uproot and become heretical scholars is a monumental ask; one that threatens their very ontological wellbeing i.e. their reputation, financial security, friendships and way of life could be jeopardised in the process of transgression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one might even envisage a social death for those daring to try (Shilling 2003). By extension, such an act would invariably compromise the already fragile reputation of sociology; opening its doors to the public would risk its credibility and entice the stigmatised label (Goffman 1990) of just another fanatical ism to be discarded alongside the other failed idealistic enterprises, such as Marxism and Feminism (Brady 2004). In addition, given the f act that sociology is inhabited by a diverse and deeply opinionated cohort of intellects who occupy a range of paradigms, it is unlikely that (in the near future anyway) such individuals will collectively march in unison under the banner of a Public Sociology. Yet it might be plausible for sociology to formulate a democratically charged governing body that could represent the standpoints of a majority force; elected representatives may perhaps serve as champions charged with proliferating ideas and findings and leaving society to decide what, if anything, should be done with them. That said, Nielson (2004) makes the important point that there is a massive incongruence between the ideal and somewhat advanced heuristic devices and ideas generated within the pedagogic milieu and the realities of the social lifeworld; the latter remains a comparatively primitive figuration of ideologies and values incapable or unready to assimilate the ideas of the former. The mind is a cursed thing, it permits us to envisage infinitely wonderful (utopian) worlds where societal processes operate as a beautiful symphony unchecked by toxic social phenomena, histories, idiosyncrasies and other variants that make reality a constant work-in-progress of ebbs and flows, of civility and barbarism, of progress and regression (Parenti 1995). As a result, in true Weberian tradition, Nielson (2004) contends that sociology has no superior right of way (33) in public-political affairs. Instead, we should concern ourselves with aiding the present or aligning ourselves with the spirit of the times (zeitgeist). In the end, the question of sociologys public identity continues to be a hotly debated concept, its actual realisation requires a level of faith and risk and remains (in large) something to behold. This essay has sought to detail the various arguments for and against a politically engaged Public Sociology a controversy that has reigned since the subjects inception and one that continues in a somewhat recurring pattern throughout its development. Indeed, as sociology becomes increasingly self-reflexive and more substantiated in its understanding of social processes, the urge for argumentation regarding its identity and role within society becomes greater. As this essay shows, there is certainly a moral imperative or compulsion within sociology to irradiate asymmetrical discourses that cripple humanitys potential and subsequently assist in emancipating ourselves from them; this urge is expected given that we are sentient and empathic beings. However, this essay has also acknowledged the possible detriment that may befall sociology in such a venture. Moreover, we have explored the various external forces that contribute to the overall condition of the sociological paradigm; the discipline is imprinted with numerous inequalities and is persuaded greatly by market and political demands to the disadvantage of forming a Public Sociology. Finally, the issue of individual differences, whilst not extensively explored, will remain a long-lasting dilemma as we attempt to reconcile our differences, and harness our collective research and experiences to develop a legitimate and democratically-orientated discipline suitably equipped, confident and competent in participating within wider society. Bibliography Adair-Toteff, C. 1995. Ferdinand Tonnies: Utopian Visionary. Sociological Theory. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-65. Bourdieu, P. 1993. The field of cultural reproduction. Polity: Cambridge. Bourdieu, P. 1988. Homo Academicus. Polity: Cambridge. Brady, D. 2004. Why public sociology may fail. Social Forces. Vol. 82, No.4 pp. 1629-1638. Bryman, A. 2004. Social Research Methods. 2ND Edition. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Burawoy, M. 2005. The return of the repressed: recovering the public face of U.S. Sociology, One hundred years on. ANNALS. Vol 600, No. 1, pp. 68-85. Chomsky, N. Otero, C. 2004. Language and Politics. AK Press: London. Comte, A. 1988. Introduction to Positive Philosophy. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Durkheim, E. 1972. Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, ed and trans. Giddens, A. Cambridge University Press. Goffman, I. 1990. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Penguin Press Gouldner, A. 1971. The coming crisis of Western Soc iology. Heinemann: London. Hebdige, D. 1988. Subculture: the meaning of style. London: Routledge. Hossfeld,L. Nyden, P. 2005. Public Sociology: Research, Action, and Change. Sage Publications: London. Kalleberg, R. 2005. What is Public Sociology? Why and how should it be made stronger? The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 387-393. Luck, P. 2007. Sociology as a practice in humanity: Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, and Social Responsibility. Critical Sociology. Vol. 33, No. 5-6, pp. 937-956. Marx. K. Engels, F. 1991. The German Ideology. Lawrence and Wishart: London. Marx. K. Engels, F. 1848. The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books: London Mills, C. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press: New York. Murji, K. 2007. Sociological Engagements: Institutional Racism and Beyond. Sociology. Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 843-855. Nielson, F. 2004. The vacant we: remarks on public sociology. Social Forces. Vol. 82, No.4, pp. 1619-1628. Nietzsc he, F. 2014. Beyond good and evil. Penguin Press. Ossewaarde, M. 2007. Sociology Back to the Publics. Sociology. Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 799-812. Parenti, M. 1995. Against Empire. San Francisco: City Lights. Parker, M. Jary, D. 1995. The McUniversity: Organisation, management and academic subjectivity. Organisation. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 118-319. Plato. 1993. Republic. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Shilling, C. 2003. The body and social theory. 2nd edition. Sage Publications: London. Skeggs, B. Deem, R. 2003. Feminist research methods. Sage Publications: London. Weber, M. 1989. Science as a Vocation. Unwin Hyman: London. Zsolnai, L. Gasparski, W. 2002. Ethics and the future of capitalism, praxeology: The international annual of practical philosophy and methodology. Transaction Publishers: London.

Of Mice and Men Film/Book Comparison Free Essays

The lack of interaction between the Weak’ ones of the ranch in the film version of Of Mice and Men results in the obscuring of the theme of handicaps that is present throughout the novel. In the film, the scene begins with Leonie approaching Crooks as the rest of the men are in the nearby town. They discuss Lien’s desire to tend rabbits and later on, Leonie makes it clear his intention for George and he to be together till the end. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Film/Book Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now George comes in, escorts Leonie out of the room where they encounter Curlers wife as she complains of her unhappy marriage and runs away. The book varies in the way that Curlers wife and Candy are both in the room as they all talk. As Candy, Leonie, and Crooks discuss the promise of a brighter future, Curlers wife is quick to crush their dreams with the reality of each of their situations. After she humiliates them, they are defeated and their harsh circumstances sink in. It is important to notice in the novel that each character has their own handicap, whether it is age, gender, race, mental capability, or physical capability; although they show strength even with their weak descriptions, the purpose of the theme is to convey the low tolerance their society has of handicaps. For example, Crooks, even being a bitter man, latches onto their dream of the little house for the promise of companionship, but because of his race and the prejudice during the time period, Curlers wife makes sure he knows that he will never be accepted. Although the handicaps are physically portrayed In the film, they are not reinforced well enough because there isn’t as big of a power difference between Leonie and Crooks as there is between them and Curlers wife. Curlers wife may be handicapped as her loneliness makes her desperate, but she has the ability to take away any hope they eave. Also, in the novel, Curlers wife mentions that the men left the three Weak’ ones at home. This comment serves to further describe the time period as there Is never enough protection for the weak from the strong. The theme of handicaps Is essential to the comprehension of the novel as It grasps the concept of Inequality; without the theme’s distinction, there Is no closure, positive or negative, that Is needed for the reader to comprehend the negative Impact the fictional world has on a group of people that are not as strong as society requires them to be. How to cite Of Mice and Men Film/Book Comparison, Papers

The Pursuit of Happyness Portraying Father/Son Attachment Essay Example For Students

The Pursuit of Happyness Portraying Father/Son Attachment Essay â€Å"Do you trust me? † That is the multi-dimensional question that Chris Gardner asks his son, Christopher, throughout the movie The Pursuit of Happyness. It is a question that is used as a tool for reinforcement, as a pacifying effect, and as a probe for attachment theorists to examine the depth of the father/son relationship. In response to our assignment to identify the type of attachment between Chris and his son, our group identified patterns that matched well with multiple theories. Our text identifies Erik Erikson, John Bowlby, and Mary Ainsworth as very influential persons in defining attachment (Santrock p 366). In correlation to the movie, Erikson’s theory of eight stages of development can be applied with an emphasis on the initiative vs. guilt phase. John Bowlby is credited for origination works on the Attachment Theory. The fourth phase of his conceptualization of attachment can certainly be related to the movie. Our group also tagged the work of Mary Ainsworth and her Strange Situation measurement device. We concluded that Christopher fit the description of a securely attached baby very well. According to Erik Erikson’s view of a child’s development, physical comfort and sensitive care are vital to establishing a basic trust in infants. In turn, this sense of trust is the foundation for attachment and sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to be (Santrock p 366). This trust coupled with Christopher’s age act as a buffer against all of the harsh realities that Chris must cope with. Christopher’s age places him in Erikson’s initiative versus guilt stage. During this stage, children are expected to take initiative in creating play situations that can help cope with challenges (Harder 2002). An excellent example of Christopher in this stage is when the two of them were in the subway station the first night after getting kicked out of the motel. Chris tells his son that the scanner really is a time machine and pretends that they are transported back in time. Christopher uses his imagination and play skills to pretend that they are really hiding from dinosaurs in a cave rather than sleeping in a public restroom in the subway. Christopher also shows initiative when, later in the movie, he suggests to his dad that they can sleep in the cave again if they have to. John Bowlby is credited with the origins of the Attachment Theory, taking an ethological perspective in which much of his work is still highly regarded. There are four phases of his Attachment theory. In the first phase the child is oriented toward all human stimuli, the second phase is differentiating between stimuli and the third phase is proximity seeking. In the fourth phase, the child adjusts to keep proximity with the caregiver in order to cope with his environment (Walters p 145). While Chris continues to ask his son this question in moments of adversity, he does so more as a reassurance to his son that things will be OK. He also uses the question as a calming mechanism for his son. One such example is when they were first admitted to the homeless shelter and Chris needed to work on the broken bone density scanner. As Christopher lay in the bunk bed, Chris inched his way out of the room to work on the scanner asking â€Å"Can you hear me? † which triggered an emotional response from his son. Chris responded by asking him â€Å"Do you trust me? , which calmed Christopher down. Strange Situation is used as a popular measurement device of infant attachment created by Mary Ainsworth. Ainsworth classified children in three different categories of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment (A fourth attachment category was later added by other researchers, (Van Wagner 2009). The closeness and bond between the two meet the characteristics of a securely attached relationship. Chris did not meet his father until late in life and did not have an attachment to his father like the attachment he made with his son. .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .postImageUrl , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:hover , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:visited , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:active { border:0!important; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:active , .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8 .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f858cacfd8ecfd9af5db564f583a2f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Moscow On The Hudson EssayChris â€Å"made up (his) mind as a young kid that when (he) had children they were going to know who their father is and that he isnt going anywhere (Gardner, n. d. ). This was the basis in which the development of the secure attachment is formed. The strong relationship was a result of the quality time they spent together. Chris played basketball with his son before going to an appointment, had insightful conversations, taught him things like how to spell happiness or the meaning of possibly, and showed love and affection with hugs and caress. An individual characteristic of secure attachment is the child’s tendency to seek out their parents for comfort when they are scared (Van Wagner 2009). When Christopher was scared and did not know where they were going next, Chris comforted his son and made sure his son had something to eat and somewhere to sleep. Another characteristic of a secure attachment is that children do not experience significant distress when separated from caregivers (Van Wagner 2009). Though Christopher would spend long days in child care, the secure attachment was apparent like through the emotion of happiness when reunited after school. Temperament has a great effect on the relationship among poverty, stress, and attachment. A study done by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three basic types of temperament. In the analysis, it was found that one type of temperament, an ‘easy child’, is described as â€Å"generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences† (Santrock, 2008, p. 59). In the movie, Christopher certainly portrays an easy child. Through all the hardships the family encountered, Christopher remained optimistic. He understood that he and his father did not have much money. With the odds against them, the connection between Chris and Christopher proved that the quality of time together contributed to the success of their relationship. When they moved from their home to a motel, to a bathroom at the metro station, to a shelter, Christopher adapted with little complaints. Christopher’s easy temperament made situations less difficult. According to some research, children who spent many hours in center-based care and in poor-quality child care centers showed more stress and were linked to more problems such as anxiety and aggressive behavior (Santrock, 2008, p. 371-372). Christopher, however, was not affected. The daycare seemed to be a stable part of Christopher’s life, depicting a routine. What little stress we see from Christopher, like realizing that they have to move from the motel, does not show any effect on his relationship with his father. Again, it only proved the feat of their companionship. The Pursuit of Happyness is a wonderful portrayal of perseverance, love, and trust. Trust is the foundation of any relationship whether it is a husband-wife, girlfriend-boyfriend, BFF’s (best-friends-forever), or father-son. With the relationship of Chris and Christopher, we witnessed a secure relationship-attached in such a way that the father-son bond was unbreakable even in times of severe adversity. We analyzed a relationship where the answer to the question, â€Å"Do you trust me? † is a resounding â€Å"Yes! † Bibliography: Black, T., Blumenthal, J., Tisch, S., Lassiter, J., Smith, W. (Producers), Muccino, G. (Director). (2006). The Pursuit of Happyness . United States: Columbia Pictures. Gardner, C. (n.d.). Christopher Gardner. Retrieved February 24, 2009, from Website: http://www.chrisgardnermedia.com/main/biography.htm Harder, Arlene F. (2002) The Developmental Stages of Erickson Retrieved February 22, 2009 from http://www.learningplaceonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htm Santrock, J. W. (2008). A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Van Wagner, Linda (2009) Attachment Styles Retrieved February 22, 2009 from http://psychology.about.com/od/loveandattraction/ss/attachmentstyle.htm Walters, Glenn D. (2000) Beyond Behavior: Construction of an Overarching Psychological Theory of Lifestyles London: Greenwood Publishing

A Manager’s Guide to Operating Budgets free essay sample

A budget is an estimate of the costs, revenues, and resources over a specific time gap which reflects a business future financial achievements. An isolated budget is very important as it also provides a plan for achieving objectives, it allows the business to track its performance and can be used to cope with foreseeable adverse situations.Uxbridge College use budgets to be able to show to banks or other companies how well the business is predicted to do, if the College is only expected to spend  £40,000, but in the next year but expecting to turnover  £100,00 profit, they are very inclined to receive financial support if they can prove the loan will be paid back. A budget also shows what the company will spend over the next academic year for the College with a breakdown of how the funding will be spent on certain resources, for example, the College budget will include how much they can spend on employee wages and how much food resources should be purchased. We will write a custom essay sample on A Manager’s Guide to Operating Budgets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will make sure that the College does not overspend overall and in specific sectors, it is vital that the College abides by the budget they have set in order to be successful. A budget will limit the sum Uxbridge College will spend on a certain project, budgets ensure money is not wasted on resources which are not viewed as useful.Uxbridge College needs to make sure they are able to establish the main priorities from their allocated budget, the college should view which sectors are entitled to funding money, for example, the Research Department, the Marketing Department, and how much should be spent on different sectors of the college. College Staff should have known about the colleges budget and kept up to date throughout the academic year on how well they are doing working with the budget, if it looks like a specific department goes above their allocated budget it may motivate staff to keep spending costs to a minimum, jobs, and responsibilities may also be delegated within th e store so all staff are useful and are having a positive impact, if they aren’t worth the money they’re paid to be there they should be delegated tasks to do. People within McDonalds will have responsibilities concerning different aspects of their budget to ensure the spending is done efficiently and money is not spent unnecessarily, for example, they are not overstaffed or stores do not have more food than needed which would result in being wasted and therefore a waste of

Radio One Essay Example

Radio One Essay Example Radio One Essay Radio One Essay Valuation of Radio One, Inc. Corporate Valuation: Assignment 1 Professor: Dry. Oliver Splat Submission date 24-09-2013 1 . Company description of Radio One Radio One is a large radio group in the US, their strategy is to provide urban-oriented music, entertainment, and information to a primarily African-American audience in as many major markets as possible. The African-American population expected to experience an extensively growth in population and income. Furthermore, the African-American is listening 23,6% hours more to the radio and purchases, despite heir lower average income, more of certain goods and services than the general population. Consequently, advertisers are willing to pay more for advertising than they do to the general public, what results in a higher power ratio for Radio One. The growing population and high consuming behavior of the African American creates many growth opportunities for Radio One, consequently, they are expanding their business by acquiring radio stations. Radio One pursues a clustering strategy to serve their markets efficiently. By building these clusters, Radio One can acquire ore stations in the same region to reach a greater audience. Furthermore, by acquiring more stations, Radio One becomes more attractive to advertisers since they cover a larger market, and it is able to cut costs and create more efficiency. The resulting larger national footprint would bring greater advertising revenue and serve as more meaningful platform for the companys planned expansion into other forms of media, including cable, the recording industry, and the internet. On the other hand, the acquisitions of the in total 21 stations brings many risks. The stations can e overvalued and therefore the acquisition does not add much value to the value of Radio One. Another huge risk, which would affect whole African-American market, is that the forecasts about the population growth, the growth of income or the percentage of listeners fall short. This reduces the expected revenues of Radio One and makes it less attractive to expand their business. 2. Valuing the acquisition with the Discounted Cash Flow Method When applying the Discounted Cash Flow Method (DC-Method), the Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCC) of the 21 stations should be lactated for each year. To calculate this FCC projected statements from 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 are used and add the calculation of the terminal value of the FCC (See Appendix 2. 1). As shown in Appendix 2. 2, the Net Working Capital (NC) is calculated as a percentage from the gross revenues from Radio One in 1997 and 1998. The year 1999 is excluded, since the large stock issue was an abnormal event, impacting NC significantly. In addition to the FCC of the projected period, the terminal value growth rate is equal at the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GAP) which is on average 4%. However the Cash Flows of a company do not grow with the same percentage, but usual less than the growth of the revenue. As the stations produces significant cash flows, it is assumed that the growth rate is 1% lower than the growth in gross revenue and therefore be 3%. This growth rate is used to calculate the Terminal Value. To calculate the present value of the terminal values, the terminal value from either the pure WAC method as well as from the Hybrid method needs to be discounted. To determine the discount rate, a WAC of 11,5% is calculated (see Appendix 2. ). First, the weights of debt (0,20) and equity (0,80) are weighted and the tax rate is assumed to be 35%. The cost of debt are founded by calculating the average interest rate of investment grade bonds. Furthermore a risked rate equal to a 10 years government bond is used, which was 6,28%. Historically, US stocks have outperformed bonds by about 7. 5%, however, recently research finds lower rates of 3-5% and therefore it is assumed 5 % to be an appropriate rate. The equity beta was calculated with the Human method, which assumes the debt stays equal and never be paid down. The Miles Gazelle method is tested as well, which assumes the debt stays equal to the firm value and this resulted in a slightly higher equity beta of 1,03 in contrast to the equity beta of 0,95 from the Human formula. Since the Human method is most commonly used and it seems to be a fair assumption, the equity beta of 0,95 is used. By using both methods, it is more certain that the right direction is chosen to calculate the WAC. Using this equity beta in the CAMP gives a cost of equity of roughly 11%. The CAMP used to be a good measure in the past, but has some shortcomings. One of these shortcomings is that the CAMP does not take the size of the firm into account. Since the CAMP does not correct for this size premium that has to be paid by small companies, the size premium of this low-cap firm is increased with 1,7%. Applying the WAC formula, a cost of capital of is obtained for Radio One. The use of the pure WAC method results in a total value of approximately 1,73 billion and the hybrid method results in a total value of approximately 1,74. The fact that these values are remarkably close to each other, increases the reliability of this value. However it should be taken into account that a change in the assumptions made in this valuation process, has a huge impact on the value. Especially the growth value of FCC, which is hard to determine can change the value considerably. In appendix 2. 4, you can find the details of these values and the results of the pure WAC method per division. In addition, an estimation is made about the impact on a change in depreciation after 2015. The reason for this test is that the depreciation till 201 5 is remarkably in comparison with the capital expenditure. Depreciation of goodwill of the acquired stations could be an explanation for these high amounts. In the long run, depreciation should be equal to the capital expenditures. This estimation clarifies that a decrease in depreciation after the year 2015, has an impact on the value of the firm. However, this impact is approximately only billion according to the test. This does not change the earlier forecasted value significantly and therefore it is acceptable to rely on a valuation of During the divestiture of Clear Channel, Infinity Broadcasting paid 21. X 2000 BCC to acquire, Cox Radio paid 18. Xx 2000 BCC. The 12 stations of Clear Channel, targeted by Radio One, are of similar quality to those purchased by Infinity, so a multiple of 21. Xx 2001 BCC would be realistic, which means a price of $1. 551. 462. 000. For the radio stations of Davis Broadcasting and Shirk, the average multiple is the most reliable multiple since it is unknown if the quality of those stations is comparable to those acquired by Infinity Broadcasting and Cox Radio. An offer of 19. Xx 2001 BCC results in a price of $36. 708. 000 for Davis Broadcasting and a price of $48. 578. 000 for Shirk. For the 21 stations targeted, the total offer based on the transaction multiples is round $1. 64 billion. However, there are Just two examples of current transactions in the radio market, despite the low dispersion between the two current transactions, more research is required before making conclusions. See Appendix 3. 1 for a more detailed clarification. According to a sample of 14 companies, including Radio One, three different multiples are obtained and used to value the adjusted market values of the 21 radio stations targeted: (1) BCC multiple of 17,2 with an adjusted market value of 1,38 billion, (2) EBITDA multiple of 19,4 with an adjusted market value of 1,44 lion, and (3) After-tax cash flow multiple of 26,1 with an adjusted market value of 3,00 billion. The adjusted market values based on EBITDA- and after cash flow are very close together. The EBITDA multiple (See Appendix 3. For EBITDA calculation) provides a crude estimate of the firms cash flows, it does provide a relatively good measure of the before-tax cash flows that are generated by the firms existing assets. The after-tax cash flow multiple values the earnings potential of the entire firm using the FCC. However, FCC for most firms is very volatile, because it reflects discretionary expenditures for UAPITA investments and working capital. BCC is a method used in the broadcasting industry to compare companies with each other. BCC a better multiple since it is better linked to operational activities than EBITDA. As a result, regarding the BCC transaction multiple, the value of the 12 stations of Clear Channel is $1. 306. 114. 000, the value of Davis Broadcasting is 33. 304. 000, and the value of Shirk is $44. 074. 000. The value of the 21 stations targeted based on the best fitting multiple (BCC) is $1,38 billion. For a more detailed clarification, see Appendix 3. 3. Xx BCC After Clear Channels divestiture announcement, Radio Ones stock increased from $40 to as high as $97 per share, which implies a 30 times forward BCC. In comparison with the typical trading multiple for radio companies, Xx multiple is significantly greater. This implies that shareholders expect that Radio One is worth Xx BCC after acquiring their targeted radio stations. The lowest price Radio One has to pay is the sum of the stand-alone cash flows of the 21 targeted stations. The highest price Radio wants to pay is Xx BCC to avoid dilution. The difference between Xx BCC and he sum of the stand-alone cash flows is called synergies. However, it is questionable if the shareholders are estimating the magnitude of the synergies correct. Altogether, the acquisition of the 21 targeted stations is valuable Recommendation The acquisition of the 21 radio stations from Clear Channel will definitely increase the value of Radio One station. The price that should be paid to Clear Channel should multiples of comparable companies, the value is expected to be lower. According to the BCC (net operating income) multiple, the value is 1,38 billion and following the EBITDA multiple, this value is 1,44 billion. The after-tax cash flow multiple is left out, since this value is largely increased by the high depreciations amortization and deviates too much from the other multiples. Concluding, the price that should be paid by Radio One for the 21 radio stations should be between 1,38 billion and 1,73 billion. Moreover, Radio One wants to make a preemptive offer, since it does not want to miss the unique opportunity to acquire 21 valuable stations at once. Offering a price that is too low, will increase the chances that other companies are willing to pay ore. In addition, the 1,38 billion which is obtained by using the BCC multiple, is a not a very complicated calculation and can easily be applied by investors without too much effort. Accordingly, it is suggestible that Radio One offers to pay 1,5 billion to Clear Channel. This margin should be high enough to compete with other companies interested in the acquisition and still create substantial extra revenues. In addition to the 230 million margin of the value of the discounted cash flow, Radio One can create generous additional income from the advantages of merged operations, called wineries. Nevertheless, the risk exists that the calculated values are too optimistic and the synergies turn out to be less valuable than expected.

Hindu Tradition + Christian Thought + Greek Philosophy Research Paper

Hindu Tradition + Christian Thought + Greek Philosophy - Research Paper Example Under Saivism, Shiva is considered to be the supreme God, with his two forms being the lingam and the human form. Among the variants of the Human form, the most important is the dancing posture called Nataraja and also Dakshinamoorthy, the instructor of four sages. Vaishnavism on the other hand has its roots in Northeren India where the Aryans were mostly concentrated. It became renown in the 3rd century AD. Vaishnavites believe that Vishnu is the supreme power, and that god is personal and the ultimate goal of life is to be the servant of god, through faith or Bhakti. Modern Vaishnavites also believe that Vishnu takes many incarnations every eon ( Bhandarkar, 48,62, 160,165) Temples Along with the differences in sects and cultures between north and south India, considerable difference in the style of architecture has also been noticed. The most prominent parts by which they can be differentiated are their superstructures, and also the plan, vertical structure, statues and motifs. Th e major part of northern India, from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Bengal region has temples in the northern style; whereas the southern style was concentrated to the more southerly interiors had a consistent style. Mixture of the two occurs towards the central parts of India (Temple Styles, 86). The temples of India were classified as according to their typological features and were divided into Nagara, Dravida and Vesara styles, mainly signifying square, octagonal or apsidal ended shapes and these dictate the other structural parts of the temple. The Nagara style was common in Northern India, whereas the Dravida style was famous in southern India. Building of a temple in India in those times were mainly the religious beliefs of the kings who ascended the throne. So most of the temples were known according to the king under whom they were built. Various styles have been exported to places all over the world, including Texas (Temple Styles, 88). Around thirty four Hindu temp les exist in Texas, with about fifteen in Houston and Dallas. Various types of temples have emerged in the United States, such as the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Houston, which is an example of a temple dedicated to one particular deity, Goddess Meenakshi, but in keeping with the tradition of unity in diversity, with so many sects in the Hindu culture, the worship of Shiva is also done here, in the form of Lord Shri Sundareswara. Vaishnava traditions are also celebrated as the temple is also dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara, another form of Vishnu. Thus this temple does not concentrate on any one sect but provides a multiple option of pursuing ones faith (Brady, 87; Laderman and Leon, 102). Majority of these temples were built according to the Vastu Shastra of the Vedic period, with modern adaptations. These new temples have spacious halls, and used for weddings and other cultural occasions. In most temples there is one main deity, but the deities of the other sects and customs are also recognized. This is because of lack of space in foreign land, but it also helps to foster good relations between the various sects present there (Badlani, 329-330). For a decision, as to which deity to be made the main one in a temple, becomes a much debated topic. Various devotees lobby for the different sects, and sometimes a temple that is supposed to bring in peace and harmony becomes a cause of division. Reaching a consensus is very difficult due to large number

Current event and Us Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Current event and Us Diplomacy - Essay Example rld War Two and dominated decades of international crisis and major global affairs as the countries engaged in psychological, technological, economic and even sports competitions to exercise and stage a sense of supremacy over the other. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the doctrine employed by John F. Kennedy during his tenure as president. Kennedy took over the most important position in the global arena – the presidency of the United States, at a time when tensions between the US-led West and the Soviet-led East were quite evident, because of this premise the foremost agenda for the president during his tenure was to identify and then curb the growth of communism. Kennedy’s vision was that of a stronger America that had the ability to conquer the challenges communism posed for freedom. According to many commentators Kennedy actually had very little ideology in the creation of his foreign policy other than his anti-communist sentiments and an unparalleled belief in the capability of strong governance. In his inaugural address Kennedy made his belief and desire for expected action against communism very clear when he addressed the issue in the following words; â€Å"Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate† (John F. Kennedy, 1961). Kennedy’s presidency saw the o ccurrence of notable events such as increased participation of the United States in the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Many commentators have argued, assessed and discussed the emergence of presidential doctrines and their origins, until the arrival of the twentieth century the only presidential doctrine that actually had the name of a president associated with it was that of Monroe’s (Brands, 2006). The Kennedy Doctrine arrived at a crucial time for the United States, outlining the foreign policy agenda for his establishment, the major tenets for the policy firstly outlined that the United States would not pursue any military initiative

Milton Friedman and profit maximisation

Milton Friedman and profit maximisation The only purpose of the business of business is business and the only social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. And to utilize all resources and engage it in such activities that are designed to increase its profits. Consumer or customers are the useful tool who bring the cash flow or profits to the organisation which they use to flourish and to accomplish their goals and objectives. The organisations exists only for making profits and by providing tangible or intangible products to their customers according to their needs and expectations.if the customers get satisfied ,they purchase the products or service and they give cash flows and profit to the organisations.if they are not satisfied they will go some where else to satisfy their needs and expectations, and get better value for their money. Same thing for the employees ,if they are satisfied with the company or organisation,they will be more loyal ,will work hard , be more motivated for the company, if they are not satisfied they will leave the company and go some where else. THE NEW CAPITALISTS SOCIETY SHARE OWNERS ARE BECOMING ONE AND THE SAME Organisations use the stakeholders(investors) money to establish and to flourish its business. It describes the increasing ownership of millions of savers. These millions of savers are defined as new capitalists. they include the individuals with retirement savings or pensioners, life insurance and other direct and indirect equity investments. Companys success is their primary interest , and this purpose of success can be good for the individual or single person but can be damaging for the larger economic system of the society. There are thousands of organisations and companies that are doing businesses around the world that are being funded by the money of pensioners, and life insurances .The governments also utilize or invest the tax money in different businesses and companies around the globe. In this way the governments play a role of a stakeholder, when the companies in which the pensioners money is invested ,when they get profits ,they give dividends to the governments who have invested in them , the governments take the profit to pay their pensioners, they do this in order to support the pensioners. CHARLES HANDYS STAKEHOLDERS VIEW. Charles accepts and argues that creating value where none existed According to him the first and the important need of an organisation is to meet Expectations of the stakeholders. According to this view the main purpose of the business is not to make a profit It is to make a profit so that the business that can do something more or better. That something becomes the real justification for a business. A companys stakeholders are individuals or groups with an interest ,claim ,or Stake in the company, in what it does, and in how well it performs. So the organisation has the responsibility to satisfy the needs and expectations Of the people who bring cash flow and risk capital to the organisation, so it Exists in the business market. One of the most important choices that a company makes is to utilize the scrace resources and to balance the needs of the stakeholders by building sustainable development principles into all the aspects of the business activity. After investors the suppliers get involved for providing the stock of raw materials .consumers /customers also get involved and they bring cash flow or profit to the organisation. Accually we can say that it is a cycle of investing ,selling and bringing cash flows. The money of the capitalists or the share holders which they invest in the company , they expect big chunk of dividends from the company as profits, but the board of directors want to give less dividends and keep the profits for the growth or for reinvestments or for flourishing the business further. Any one who has an interest of any kind in the company is called a stakeholder, it could be an individual , a group ,or it can be an organisation of any kind that is affected by any kind of actions and decisions that a company may take. Shareholders, employees ,suppliers, customers , financial institutions, government and society , they all are stakeholders, who directly or indirectly have interest of any kind in the company, and these stakeholders are interlinked with the organisation ,they can influence and can be influenced by the organisation. CONCLUSION On analysing the three views on the purpose of the business.I believe that the main purpose of the business is to make profit, the capitalists also play a very crutial role in the business, but I strongly believe and agree the view of CHARLES HANDY because I think that stakeholders are the legal owners of the company and the providers of the risk capital. The capital that the stakeholders provide to the company for investment is seen as risk capital because there is no guarantee that stakeholders will ever recoup their investment and earn a decent return. And I really think the organisation must really serve the stakeholders. ( B) What are the implications of these three differing views for Managers development of organisational strategy? ANS:-An important and foremost part of strategy -making process is ensuring that the company maintains the support of its key elements or stakeholderson which it depends for its functioning and for its ultimate survival. And it should keep in mind these following steps; Identify stakeholders. Identify stakeholders interest concerns. Identify what claims stakeholders are likely to make on the organisation. Identify the strategic challenges. These are the key steps that will identify who the organisation is really serving,what are the needs and expectations of our stakeholders, what are the basic concerns of our stakeholders and how we are gonna satisfy them by facing different challenges. Despite the experiences of many organisations around the world, it is possible to turn strategies and plans in to individual action plans, necessary to produce a great business performance. It is not an easy task ,many companies usually fail to motivate their people to work with enthusiasm ,all together , towards the corporate aims of the organisation . Most companies know their businesses as well as their strategies are required for success. However many corporations fail to translate their strategy in to action thats why they fail to implement and sustain it successfully. In another study of 200 companies in the Times 1000, 80% of directors said that they had the right strategy but only 14% thought that they were implementing them well. No doubt linked to the finding despite of 97% of directors having the strategic vision only 33% reported achieving significant strategic success. (source :- Why do only one third of UK companies achieve strategic success?- I COBBOLD G LAWRIE, 2GCLtd., May 2001.) The message is very clear that effective strategic realisation is the key to strategic success. By corporate governance , we mean the mechanisms that exist to ensure that managers pursue strategies that are in the interests of an important stakeholders. Professional managers are the agents of the stakeholders, as agents managers should pursue strategies that maximize long-run returns to stakeholders. So for a manager it is important to realize the strategy of the organisation ,realize the stakeholders ,their needs and expectations, and how to satisfy them. ( C):- Stake holders represent more challenges than opportunities. Appraise the conflicting needs, power and influence of stakeholders? ANS:- stakeholders groups are not usually homogeneous, but it contains a variety of sub-groups with different expectations and needs.A stakeholder is any individual or an organization that can or is affected by the activities of a business. They may have a direct or indirect interest and influence in the business, and may be in contact with the business on the daily basis or may be just occasionally, A companys stakeholders are individuals or groups with an interest , claim ,or stake in the company, in what it does and in how well it performs. A companys stakeholders can be divided in to two catagories. Internal stakeholders External stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are the stockholders and the employees, including executive officers, other managers , and board members. External stakeholders are all other individuals and the groups that have some claim on the company . this group contains customers ,suppliers ,creditors, governments ,unions, local communities and general public. STAKEHOLDERS NEEDS EXPECTATIONS:- All stakeholders are in an exchanging and interlinked relationship with the company . Each stakeholder group supplies the organisation with important resources or contributes one thing or the other to the company and in exchange, each expects its interests to be satisfied by the organisation. Stockholders provide the organisation with risk capital or with the investment and , in exchange , expects management to try to maximize the return on their investment or inreturn they want a big chunk of dividends. Creditors such as bondholders provide the company with capital in the form of debt, and they expect to be repaid on time with interest. Employees provide labour and skills and in exchange, expect good wages ,job satisfaction ,job security, and good working hours and conditions. Customers provide company with its revenues and in exchange want high quality reliable products that represent value for money. suppliers provide a company with inputs and in exchange seek revenues and dependable buyers. Governments provide a company with rules, regulations and laws that govern business practice and In exchange they want companies that respect these rules and they work accordingly to their regulations and pay their taxes. Unions help to provide a company with productive ,loyal trust worthy employees or workers, and in exchange they want benefits for their members in proportion to their contributions to the company. Local communities provide companies with local infrastructure and in exchange Want companies that are responsible citizens. The general public provides companies with national infrastructure and in exchange seeks some assurance that the quality of life will be improved as a result of the companys existence. A company should take these claims in to account when formulating its strategies. If it does not , stakeholders may demand higher interest payments , employees may leave their jobs and go away, and customers may buy elsewhere. Suppliers may seek more dependable buyers. Unions may engage in labour disputes. Government may take civil or criminal action against the company. Any of these reactions can have a damaging impact on an company or organisation. Managers cannot always satisfy the needs and expectations of all the stakeholders. The goals of different groups may conflict , and in practice , few organizations have the resources to satisfy all stakeholders needs and expecations. For example , unions claims for higher wages can conflict with consumer demands for reasonable prices and stockholders demands for acceptable returns. Often the company must make choices. To do so , it must identify the most important stakeholders and give highest priority to pursuing strategies that satisfy their needs. STAKEHOLDERS POWER:- Power is the mechanism by which expectations are able to influence purposes and strategies . It has been seen that in most organisations , power will be unequally shared between and among the various stakeholders. Power is the ability of individuals or groups to persuade , dominate the other.internal stakeholders have great influence and power on the organisations because of the authorities and power they have. There are many different sources of power. But stakeholders may have power by other means. Since there are a variety of different sources of power, it is useful to look for the indicators of power, which are the visible signs that stakeholders have been able to exploit one or more of the sources of power. There are four useful indicators of power. 01 The status of the individual or group. 02 The claim on resources. 03 Representation in powerful position. 04 Symbols of power. By looking at these four indicators , it may be possible to understand which people or groups appear to have power by a number of these measures. It should be remembered that the distribution of power will vary in relation to the particular strategy under consideration. A similar understanding of the power held by external stakeholders can be useful. The indicators of power here are slightly different: e.g. internal stakeholders have great power and influence in the organisation, if they are satisfied with the facilities and organisational environment /atmosphere , where they work the condition and the wages are good , they will work hard and be loyal to the organisation, but if they are not satisfied , they will distrupt the internal management, and they can bring uncertainty in the plans.like this other shareholders have their influencing power as well. (D) How can organisations manage shareholders conflicts and handle issues of ethics ,corporate governance and regulation? ANS:- The term ethics means right or wrong that governs the conduct of a person, the behaviour of members of a profession, or the actions of an organization. Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of businesspeople. Ethical decisions are those by which we mean the right and wrong conducting principles that are accepted by the society, but unethical decisions are those that are unacceptable or which violate the rights. Corporate governance is a broad term that has to do with the manner in which the rights and responsibilities are shared among owners , managers and shareholders of a given company. In essence , the exact structure of the corporate governance will determine what rights, responsibilities, and privileges are extended to each of the corporate participants, and to what degree each participant may enjoy those rights. Generally , the foundation for any system of corporate governance will be determined by several factors, all of which help to form the final form of governing the company. { http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-corporate-governance.htm} The ethics issues that arise in an organisation and that are being faced by the managers have different aspects , but mostly it arises from the conflicting goals and objectives the company and the individual objectives of managers, and the rights of the stakeholders, including stockholders, customers, employees, suppliers , competitors, communities , and the general public. Stakeholders have the basic rights that should be respected , and it is unethical to violate those rights of the shareholders. Stockholders have right to timely and accurate information about their investments, and it is un ethical to violate that right. Customers have right to be fully informed about the products and services they purchase, including the right of information about how those products might cause harm to them or others, and it is unethical to restrict their access to such information. Employees have the right to save working conditions, to fair wages for the work they perform , and to be treated in a just manner by managers. Suppliers have right to expect contracts to be honoured , and the firm should not take advantage of the power ,and rewrite a contract. Competitors have the right to expect that the firm will abide by the rules of competition and not violate the basic principles of antitrust laws. Those who follow the stakeholders view of business ethics often argue that we should respect the fundamental rights of stakeholders , because doing so will ensure the support of stakeholders , which ultimately benefits the firm and its managers. Others go beyond this instrumental approach to ethics to argue that in many cases , acting ethically is simply the right thing to do. They argue that businesses need to acknowledge the principles and give back in return some thing to the society for its development and growth. Oftentimes , unethical behaviour arises in a corporate setting when managers decide to put the attainment of their own personal goals , or goals of the company , above the fundamental rights of one or more stakeholders group. First it is important to recognize that business ethics are not different from personal ethics , which are the generally accepted principles of right and wrong doing of an individuals. As individually we are taught that it is wrong to lie and cheat it is unethicaland that it is right to behave with integrity and honour and stand up for what we believe to be right and true. The personal ethical code comes from different sources , our personal ethical code will exert a profound influence on the way we behave as businesspeople. This includes considerations as to how the conflicting demands of different stakeholders will be reconciled. It is useful to distinguish between contractual stakeholderssuch as customers ,suppliers , or employees who have a legal relationship with organisation and community stakeholderssuch as local communities , consumers and pressure groupswho do not have the protection of the law to the same extent as the first group. Managers are usually in a powerful position within organisations to influence the expectations of other stakeholders. They have access to information and channels of influence which are not available to many other stakeholders. With this power comes an ethical responsibility to behave with integrity . Given that strategy development can be an intensely political process, managers can find real difficulties establishing and maintaining this position of integrity. There is a potential conflict for managers between what strategies organisation and the shareholders. Integrity is the key ingredient of professional management and is included in the code of conduct of professional bodies, such as the Chartered Management Institute. (Q) Critically analyse the content and relevance of the mission statements for each of the three different organisations (pg165), with regards to their goals ,values ,and objectives? TATA STEEL;- TATA STEEL as it is also well known as TISCO(Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited) was the vision and hardship of a single person JAMSETJI NUSSERWANJI TATA and the history of TATA STEEL is like hundred years old. It is the largest steel company in india and is the worlds 15th largest steel company. TATA STEEl company went through very hard routes to reach at the place and position where it is today. The modern and scientific methods from the west helped TATA STEEL a lot to survive and now it is the well known and recognised leader in steel in india. MISSION:- we aspire to be the global steel industry benchmark of value creation and corporate citizenship. VISION:- our people , by fostering team work , nutruring talent , enhancing leadership capability and action with pace , pride and passion. our offer, by becoming the supplier of choice , delivering premium products and services and creating value for our customers. our innovative approach , by developing leading edge solutions in technology, processes,and products. our conduct , by providing a safe working place, respecting the environment, caring of our communities and demonstrating high ethical standards. MISSION:- Keeping in mind the vision and values of the founder jamsetji Tata, Tata Steel, is tring hard to strengthen Indias industrial base by proper utilizing its resources , like men and material. According to Tata Steel honesty and integrity are the essential ingredients of becoming a strong and stable organisation, and for economic activity profitability is the main path. CONCLUSION:- In Tata Steels mission and vision , their future direction or course of activity are very clear. profit maximisation but it also keeps in mind the expectations ,needs of the stakeholders and try to do justice with them. This organization seems to be very promising about the ethical standard , working conditions and facilities for their workers. I n my opinion this is the key element for any organisation to flourish and survive for a long time. Tata Steel has used this and other key elements and has survived for more than hundred years by its great commitment of becoming the first choice as a supplier by providing the best products , services and by creating a good value for its customers, by utilizing modern technology to process its products . In all these process they are very much concerned about the communities and most of all the environment. By keeping good reputation in the industry ,they are building a very good image of India in all over the world. Tata Steels main objective is to become a leader in steel industry by utilizing all its available scare resources and keeping the exising clients happy and getting new clients as well for its maximum profit and keeping employees happy as well. It is a very challenging objective but not impossible one. THE METROPOLITAN POLICE:- In the world every country ,society or community have their own security or police departments or force, which are there to protect , secure the persons and properties. Police is a department under the controll of the government to keep peace and secure society. Governments make laws and regulations for the betterment of the society or community and the police reinforces them, so that the society can benefit. It is a very challenging job , they have to be alert every seond for stopping the anti social activity or behaviour. Like that Metropolitan police is the force of England to keep the society at peace.and to stop the anti social behaviour and attitude which is like an ulcer of the sosiety ,which can harm the stability of the society. MISSION:- working together for a safer london. Increasing public confidence and satisfaction . Preventing and reducing crime , disorder and vulnerabiliy. Increasing safety and security. Improving quality of service. Being efficient and effective. VISION:- Working together with all our citizens , all our partners, all our collegues. We will have pride in delivering quality policing ,there is no greater priority. We will build trust by listening and responding. We will respect and support each other and work as a team. We will learn from experiences and find ways to be even better. CONCLUSION:- According to the mission ,vision and values of metropolitan police , i strongly believe that it enforcement of law and order , protecting personal properties, and keeping peace and stability in the society and reduction of the civil disorder. It is a hard job but it is not impossible as England has a multi-national cultures existing and surviving in it, and this is the biggest challenge that is being faced by the metropolitan police. Its course of direction is very clear, i believe that TATA STEEL is much more promicing about the ethical standard , and is more committed. Metropolitan police still has to work hard to build its image . VILLEROY AND BOCH:- To be the leading European lifestyle brand with high competence and trend -setting style for high-end design and living. FIVE VALUES ONE PHILOSOPHY CUSTOMERS: our success is measured through the enthusiasm that our customers or consumers show while purchasing our products and services.villeroy and boch have a constant challenge to satisfy the needs and expectations of the customers , retailers, architects.we convince them through competence and experience. EMPLOYEES: To have a strong position in the market for a long run , you should have innovative and committed employees. Our priority is motivation and cultivation of their team spirits, and encouraging them to achieve personal goals as well as collective goals. INNOVATION: if we claim that we have the leading position in the international markets , then it will not be easy to follow the trends. Those who want to have or to secure their competitive edge must recognise and shape new trends earlier than the others. company and achieve long-term success. The foundamentals for this are a balanced portifolio, earning -oriented growth, high and constant rates of return and appropriate dividends. RESPONSIBILITY: not many companies have made regional economic history as well as Europeon cultural and social history. Villeroy and bosh is one of them , and thus bears many responsibilities. We feel obligated not only to our employees, shareholders and customers, but also to the environment and society. CONCLUSION:- This organisation or company has a very strong image , and its mission ,vision and values are very high standard,as it is the European leader and the trend setter, to main tain its position and to sustain its long term success it has to beat others by maximizing its competitive advange and by minimizing its treats or by converting them in to opportumities. To maintain its position it has to be more faster than the other companies , it has to be more creative and innovative ; As CHARLES DRAWIN said it is the strongest of the species that survive , nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change. As we all know we live in a very dynamic world, our choices and preferrences are changing day by day , so as being a leader or a trend setter , it has to be very innovative and it should quickly respond to the changes before others. It is also a customer valued organisation, as customers are valued and their needs and expectations are given importance or are preferred. This organisation also pays attention to its employees which are its front line, and who help it to achieve its sustainability in the market.i believe that this is the key element to success of this organisation, by building team spirit and by indulging them together in such way that the collective goals are achieved. This organisation has a very strong image , it is very promising and very much determined and committed. As being a European leader it is equally paying attention on internal and external elements that play a crutial role in its success. This organisation is not only taking advantages of its strengths and opportunities but it is also indulging its weaknesses into opportunities and also tackling threats as opportunities and it is trying to over come them. So i think in my opinion villeroy and bosh are more challenging and strong organisation in their mission ,vision and values , then is the Tata Steel and in the end comes metropolitan police.that has to work very hard to potriate its image in the minds of the people.

Free Trade and Fair Trade

Free Trade and Fair Trade All over work places and school campuses around the world you can be sure to find cocoa, coffee and certain other products that are labeled â€Å"free trade,† but is fair trade the same as free trade? â€Å"Free† and â€Å"fair† are powerful, often abused words when applied to the concept of trade. I will attempt to clarify the differences between free and fair trade, show how they may overlap, and the beneficial in each system. Deliberate trade benefits both the buyer and the seller. The benefits in excess of costs are the gains from trade.An efficient society maximizes the gains from trade by wisely using human, natural and capital resources. Political processes redistribute these gains to promote or reduce equity. Free trade means that anyone can trade with anyone else. Property rights are typically maintained, but government intervention in markets are minimal at best, (Wetzel). The fairness of this trade depends on the amount of com petition between buyers and sellers. For example, products price rises when there are few sellers and many buyers. In this case, sellers gained because they have â€Å"market power†.With few buyers and many sellers, the price falls; buyers use their market power to gain. Fair Trade is about more than just paying a fair wage. It means that trading partnerships are based on equal benefits and mutual respect; that prices paid to producers reflect the work they do; that workers have the right to organize; that national health, safety, and wage laws are enforced; and that products are environmentally sustainable and conserve natural resources, (Codey). When trade is freed, competition increases, market power falls and gains distributed more evenly. Numerous buyers and sellers in the farmer’s market reduce bargaining power.Seller competition pushes price down; buyer competition holds them up. Free trade can be fair trade, but agreements that open some markets to powerful pro ducer where they can use their market power, while keeping others closed and uncompetitive, are neither free nor fair. Free trade and fair trade can provide important benefits to participants. Free trade is benefit by all those involved, especially the large multination corporations. It helps nations develop the best economic policies for their citizens. Companies willing to meet consumer demand for several items will look for the cheapest resources or goods to increase supply.Nations engaging in free trade allow companies to import resources or goods from international countries with no government restrictions or tariffs. Governments placing restrictions or tariffs on imported goods often increase a cost of doing business in the domestic economic market, (Mathews 2009). Free trade can help nations improve job opportunities in the economic market. Meanwhile, fair trade provides favorable economic opportunity for those smallholder farming families able to join producer organizations and provide products of the right specifications for the market.Fair trade improves health, education, and agricultural development in the community. Finally, free and fair trade is somehow important to participants that are involved. However clarifying the different between free and fair trade, show how they may overlap, and the beneficial in each system is the main context of this essay. Codey, Scott & Embry, Mary. â€Å" Fair Trade Resource Network. † Education and Discussion to Mark Trade Fair. 1999. 05 Oct. 2012 Mathews, Tony. â€Å"Enhancing the Global Linkages of Cooperatives: The Fair Trade Option. † 2009. 05 Oct. 2012. Wetzel, Doug. â€Å"Fair V. S. Free Trade. † 1999-2012. 05 Oct 2012.

Cadbury: the Study of Consumer Behaviour

†There's one product that sells in good times and bad – a bar of chocolate†. It has been an axiom of Cadbury Company for generation. Today, the company which was opened in 1842 by John Cadbury, Is the global leader in the chocolate confectionery manufacturer. The beginning of Cadbury journey is when John Cadbury opened up a shop in Birmingham and sold coffee, tea, drinking chocolate and cocoa. In the later stage, John’s brother Benjamin joined the company in 1842 and opened an office in London and received Royal Warrant as manufacturer of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria in 1854. After six years, John got problem about his health and his wife was death so they left their business and company to their sons George and Richard. The brothers was also dissolved their partnership at the same time. George and Richard continued to develop the product line, and by 1864, they were getting an early profit. By this time, Cadbury’s Cocoa Essence which was an all nature product with pure cocoa butter and no starchy was introduced to people. After which, the brothers soon moved their manufacturing operations to a larger facility four miles south of Birmingham and the factory and area was known as Bourneville. With a success in chocolate, George and Richard stopped selling tea in 1873 and master confectioner Frederic Kinchelman was appointed to share his recipe and production secrets with Cadbury workers. Moreover in two years time, the factory employed more than 2,600 people and was incorporated as a limited company. In 1969 Cadbury merged with Schweppes which was a large British brand that supply mineral water and soft drink and the company was know at Cadbury Schweppes. The merged companies would go on to acquire Sunkist, Canada Dry, Typhoo Tea and more. Schweppes Beverages was created, and the manufacture of Cadbury confectionery brands was licensed to Hershey. Today Cadbury Schweppes is the largest confectionery company in the world, employing more than 70,000 employees. In 2006 the company had over $15 billion in overall sales. In March of 2007, Cadbury Schweppes announced that it intends to separate its confectionery and beverage businesses. With almost 200 years in the business, Cadbury Schweppes will continue to prosper in the coming decades. Theories Used The whole paper will discuss about the model of motivation, arousal of motives , hierarchy needs of Maslow’s, ELM (elaboration likelihood model ) and how these theory and model apply to the improvement and expansion of Cadbury company to better understanding about their consumer behavior. First of all, motivation is basically defined as the driving force within individual that impels them to action. According to the model of motivation process (Schiffman et al, 2008), when people need, want and desire are unfulfilled, they tend to feel tension. After that it will drive people to the direct behavior through their thinking process and previous learning until their need is fulfilled (Schiffman et al, 2008). On the other hand, most of people specific needs are dormant much of the time. The arousal of any particular set of needs at a specific point in time may be caused by internal stimuli found in our physiological condition or our emotional or our cognitive process or by external stimuli in environment (Schiffman et al, 2008). One of the well know theory of human motivation was developed by Abraham Maslow which interpret how customer perceive satisfaction about goods and service at different level of needs. According to Maslow, there are five basic level of needs which are physiological needs; safety and security needs; social needs; ego needs; self-actualization. The theory is showed that human seek for the satisfaction from lowest level first (physiological) such as food, water, air, clothing, sex. After the first level of needs is satisfied, people will seek to higher level of needs which is safety and security needs. After they get these needs, they will look for the social needs such as love, affection, belonging and acceptance and then is ego needs and self- actualization. (Schiffman et al, 2008) The elaboration likelihood model proposes the more global view that consumer attitude changed by two distinctly different routes to persuasion: a central route and a peripheral route. When consumer‘s motivation or ability to assess the attitude is high, their learning and attitude change tend to occur via central route with available information about the attitude object. In contrast, when people’ s motivation or assessment skills are low, learning and attitude change tend to occur via the peripheral route without the consumer focusing on information relevant to the attitude object itself. (Schiffman et al, 2008) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Hassan (2005), Maslow’s hierarchy of needs includes physiological needs, safety and security needs, social needs, ego needs and self-actualization which can help us to understand human behavior and have a right point to motivate customers power purchasing, especially for what Cadbury has been applied for their segmentation strategies and positioning strategies. First of all, as we know that chocolate is belonged physiological needs which means this kind of product is low price and more competitive so that there need have a successful key to become the second largest confectionary market after Marks-Wrigley (Conor Carroll 2009). This is the brand of itself because when customers try whatever product they always concerned about the brand name which not only help the customers identify their needs and satisfy product but also help the marketers to become different from their competitors. For this company which already have a strong brand and strong history from 1824 (Conor Carroll 2009) which is more powerful to get customers trust and remained loyal customers as well. For example, when a person go to the super market and he wants to buy a soft drink immediately he will think about Coke or Pepsi, as like as in this case when he go to the supermarket and he wants to buy a bar chocolate he may think about Cadbury although the price may higher than others brands but because of the high reputation and quality brand so that consumers will pay a higher price for branded product which they believe it provides a higher value. Secondly, although Cadbury is a second largest confectionery company it still made a mistake when they did not concerned a lot about safety and security needs of consumers in 2006. According to Conor Carroll (2009), Cadbury be in scandal of salmonella scare in 2006 and Easter chocolate products scandal in 2007. Because of it, Cadbury reputation and benefits at this time was dropped significantly. However, they had fined by the Food Safety Authorities and need to recall the entire products problem. As a result, Cadbury get over the big two trouble and got it meaning lessons for safety and security products. However, it not only stops by there, they already have an action to get back their reputation from consumers by support more laboratory facilities and scientists to test the product quality and more involve in the social responsibilities. (http://www. cadbury. com/ourresponsibilities/Pages/ourresponsibilities. aspx) Thirdly, for social needs which are more concerned about the environment and social responsibilities than the quality of this product. Cadbury is not only use the campaigns to encourage their customer’s social consideration but also has a special strategy to stimuli their farmers and workers such as give more bonus and benefits to the workers in Ghana and support the people living around. This is meaningful that when consumer try Cadbury chocolate they may think that they already pay a right price which bring the benefits to the workers and also contribute a small part to support the society. As a result, this is the best idea for the marketers because when you want to have a strong brand name inside consumers mind you need to concerned more about the social and environment which are the strong strategy to maintain the product brand name and Cadbury did it. Next, some of the Cadbury products and advertisements emphasis the ego needs which is more specific on self-acceptance and self-esteem such as Cadbury already have targeted this concept to teenagers like Cadbury Perk. For this strategy, Cadbury Perk was targeted to the casual snacking which includes chips and wafers. Moreover, Cadbury Perk contains a message that whenever and wherever teenagers need it always available for their convenient it becomes a new mini snack in this market. Furthermore, for the confectionery market teenagers and children are the majority consumption and the most important of segmenting and positioning. When the teenagers try Cadbury Perk they may feel like this product was born for them and stands for them like young, active and creative life. (Cadbury PLC 2010) Lastly, there is need for self-actualization which is concentrated more on inner thinking such as psychological integration or demand higher level of personal potential. Hassan (2005) states that generatively, social justice and transformative thinking should be cooperate with this orientation. Thinking towards to Cadbury, we can see that they try to satisfy the customer’s needs as much as they can or even though more than what consumers expected like Cadbury celebrations which was aimed to replace the traditional gift options during festival seasons with a pretty box and nice packaging it really suit for gifting. It is different from others category because it is more formal and luxury which extend consumers needs. Moreover, Cadbury also have introduced a product for after dinner sweet which main targeting in India. Because in India people have a habit to have a sweet dessert after their dinner and this product can replace traditional sweet which inconvenient and take more time to repair. For this part, the advertisement more focuses on the adults rather than children. From this point, we can see that Cadbury not only segmenting and positioning their product on children but also expand their segmentation to the adults which called as potential customers. Certainly, in this point their advertisement and packaging are also be different from the product that they target to the children. Model of Motivation Motivation is a theoretical construction from which we can determine the driving force behind human behavior. (Kroeber-Riel and Weinberg 2003, cited in Wohlfeil and Whelan 2006) This, according to Weinberg (1995 cited in Wohlfeil and Whelan 2006), is a combination of both emotional and basic urges to direct behavior and cognitive process to direct the goals and drive to accomplish those goals. These goals differs also as the customer moves along the decision making process, as the needs and motivations changes will affect how the customer perceives any given information. (Mallalleu and Nakamoto 2008) In the case of Cadbury, the motivations of their customers who purchase their brand off the shelves in departmental stores will be different from those who purchase other brands of chocolate, depending on the segmentation, targeting and positioning of the brands, as they focus to fulfilling different groups of customer’s needs, wants and desire. Cadbury fulfills many market segments, ranging from milk chocolate, dark chocolate, chocolate flakes, chocolate powder, chocolate drinks and many more. By targeting many market segments, Cadbury aims to provide a sense of convenience, and variety within the same brand, lending the strength of their overall brand equity to all the brands under Cadbury. This benefits the customers as now they could purchase different products under the same brand, which they can be assured of the quality, packaging and taste, without having to take the risk of try other brands to purchase different chocolate products. Gale 1992; Smith and Park 1992, cited in Morgan and Rego 2009) Higher brand equity allows Cadbury to price their products at a slight premium, despite them competing within the low price segment of the chocolate industry. (Sivakumar and Raj 1997, cited in Morgan and Rego 2009) Cadbury also uses celebrity endorsements, such as Mr. Amitabh Bachchan in India, in order to regain brand equity after worms were discovered in Cadbury chocolates in India. (The Financial Express 2003) Although ultimately, it was later proven that the worms were caused by their retailers bad storage practices in India, their reputation was already tarnished. However with celebrity endorsement, the celebrity acting as a source lends credibility and attractiveness to the product, giving it familiarity in the process. (Sternthal and Craig 1973, cited in Biswas, Biswas and Das 2006) this motivates the customers by giving them the drive to purchase it when their favorite celebrity endorses the product, and through their cognitive process, any perceived notion of risk is significantly reduced. According to Rao and Monroe (1988), consumers are likely to process more information other than price if they are motivated, to determine the quality of a given product. This is important as Cadbury often creates contests and advertisements to build involvement in their products in order to motivate consumers to choose their brand. This involvement however only targets the people with specific personal relevance from which the product has on the person involved. (Coulter et al 2003, cited in Wohlfeil and Whelan 2006) Such event marketing allows marketers to provide interactivity, personal sharing of experience with others, and learning more about the brand in an informal and relax way, while in the meantime, circumventing the natural tendency for consumers to ignore corporate messages that appears elsewhere. Whelan and Wohlfeil 2005; Mc Alexander et al. 2002, cited in Wohlfeil and Whelan 2006) As such, from the motivation perspective, we are able to see how and why Cadbury segmented and targeted multiple segments of the market, used their brand equity to price at a slight premium, and used celebrity endorsement to rebuild brand equity in India, and used contests and advertisements to generate involvement in their brand in an informal and exciting way. Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) Customers can be motivated in many ways, but based on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), two routes of persuasion are identified – central route and peripheral route (schiffman et al 2009). The concept of this model is to explain the motivation behind consumers purchases and they way to persuade them, as two major type of customers can be found – one with high assessment skills (high involvement) and low assessment skills (Low involvement). However, the success of a company does not come solely through the tampering of marketing elements; it also includes the fostering of a long term relationship between buyer and seller (Ford et al. ited in Zineldin & Philipson 2007). Thus, the next few sections, will describe how Cadbury successfully maneuver its marketing mix, while retaining their customers. But, how does Cadbury appeal to both types of customers mentioned above? Cadbury dairy milk is basically famous among children and teenager, as it is not only affordable, b ut delicious. Children and teenagers are considered to fall under the category of low assessment skills, as the motivation behind buying Cadbury for them is the craving for sweets (schiffman et al 2009).. These target group do not concerns on the information of the product , instead, it is the tangible aspect that is the motivation behind, which is to say, this particular group can be persuade through peripheral route. For instance, Celebrity endorsement, Event and advertisement promoted. In addition, variety of assortments in â€Å"Dairy Milk’ are introduced in the market to meet changing consumer trends and drive further growth of the UK’s favorite chocolate brand. For instance, Cadbury Milk Double Choc, Cadbury Milk Fruit and nut, Cadbury Caramel and 10 other types of Dairy Milk are introduced in UK alone in the time span of 100 years (Times Online 2010). The customers’ preferences for Cadbury ‘Dairy Milk’ are the taste, quality and convenience to get a hand of it. That is why the distribution of the chocolate bars and confectionery are important because of the fact that ‘Dairy Milk’ is becoming more of staple and impulse types of good. In France, the chocolate consumption is one of the highest in the world with average of 5. kg per head in 1995 and with the highly competitive market and wide spread price-cutting, retail prices and margins vary widely according to product and outlet company must be efficient in distributing their goods, as the cost of distribution makes up 40-60% of the product cost (Vrontis & Vignali 2001). The other type of persuasion route is central route, which is used to explain on how to persuade customers that have high assessment skill (high involvement), which fall under the target group of adults (Schiffman et al 2009).. As one grow, they are becoming more conscious of their health and have the perspective that everything that is sweet mean fat and calories. However, the way Cadbury dairy milk appeal to this group is by using the advertisement campaign of 1 ? glass of milk that give a message that one Cadbury bar is contains nutrition and proteins, which is healthy and not healthy deteriorating. In addition, the packaging, design and sizes are being emphasized by the company to accommodate consumers’ demands. For instance the packaging of Cadbury is being refined in terms of image and resolution to create brand identity and also increase in size variety for Cadbury in 140 g and 230g package. Kate Harding, the trade communication manager for Cadbury commented, â€Å"Stores come in all shapes & sizes and we have changed the sizes to suit the needs of our different retailers who can choose a range which will best suit their shopper. † (Talking Retail 2008) Conclusion Cadbury is a well known chocolate brand dealing with a wide array of chocolate products. This with their low pricing allows them to extensively penetrate many chocolate market segments. Through the use of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, model of motivation, and elaboration likelihood model, we are able to see how they are applied to the company in terms of segmentation, targeting and positioning, allowing the company to gain considerable market share, regain lost brand equity through celebrity endorsement, and generate consumer involvement to create better trust and brand familiarity, through informal and exciting approach in teaching the corporate values to their consumers.